Mitochondrial biogenesis

Figure 1. Control of mitochondrial biogenesis by the nuclear genome. Most mitochondrial proteins, including cytochrome c, are nuclear gene products which are subsequently imported into mitochondria. Similarly, most enzymes involved in synthesis of mitochondrial phosphoplipids are encoded in the nuclear genome. Being located in the endoplasmatic reticulum, they synthesize phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho), phosphatidylserine (PtdSer), phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and phosphatidylinositol (Ptdins). The phospholipids are transferred to the outer membrane. The imported lipids then move into the inner membrane at contact sites. Mitochondria then diversify phospholipids. They decarboxylate phosphatidylserine to phosphatidylethanolamine (PtdEtN), but the main reaction is the conversion of imported phosphatidylglycerol to cardiolipin (CL). Cardiolipins localize mainly in the outer leaflet of the inner membrane.

Naudi, A., Caro, P., Jove, M., Gomez, J., Boada, J., Ayala, V., Portero-Otin, M., Barja, G., and Pamplona, R. (2007). Methionine restriction decreases endogenous oxidative damage and increases mitochondrial biogenesis and uncoupling protein 4 in rat brain. Rejuvenation Res. 10,473M84. 

Induction For example, antioxidant enzymes, mitochondrial, membrane hyperpolarization, mitochondrial biogenesis... 

For example, mitochondrial reductive capacity is decreased with decreased cell numbers but is increased with cells that are activated, such as lymphocytic immune activation, or if cells adapt to the stress associated with toxicity, such as during mitochondrial biogenesis. Thus, mitochondrial reductive capacity might be either increased or decreased with toxicity. Similar contradictory interpretations might occur with other cellular activities, for which there is a compensatory adaptive increase before their failure. This biphasic change is referred to as hormesis and occurs not only with reductive mitochondrial activity but also with mitochondrial number, cell number, mitochondrial membrane potential, antioxidant system activity and numerous other activities. 

Garcia-Rodriguez LJ, Gay AC, Pon LA (2007) Puf3p, a Pumilio family RNA binding protein, localizes to mitochondria and regulates mitochondrial biogenesis and motility in budding yeast. J Cell Biol 176 197-207... 

Jarosch E, Rodel G, Schweyen RJ (1997) A soluble 12-kDa protein of the mitochondrial intermembrane space, Mrs lip, is essential for mitochondrial biogenesis and viability of yeast cells. Mol Gen Genet 255 157-165... 

M14. Miranda, S., Foncea, R., Guerrero, J., and Leighton, F., Oxidative stress and upregulation of mitochondrial biogenesis genes in mitochondrial DNA-depleted HeLa cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 258, 44-49 (1999). 

Rescues mice from lethal sepsis by supporting mitochondrial energetic metabolism and activating mitochondrial biogenesis [187]... 

MITOCHONDRIAL BIOGENESIS REQUIRES INTEGRATION OF NUCLEAR, CYTOPLASMIC, AND MITOCHONDRIAL FUNCTIONS... 

The third aspect is the high error rate and lack of efficient DNA repair systems, leading to a high mutation rate for mtDNA. It is estimated that mtDNA is 7-17 times more prone to mutation than somatic DNA. These aspects of mitochondrial biogenesis lead to the production of mutant mtDNA, contributing to the overall degree of heteroplasmy in human tissues. 

Berthiaume, J., Wallace, K. B. Perfluorooctanoate, perfluorooctanesulfonate, and A-ethyl perfluorooctanesulfonamido ethanol peroxisome proliferation and mitochondrial biogenesis. Toxicol Lett., 129 23-32 (2002). 

D.P. Kelly and R.C. Scarpulla, Transcriptional regulatory circuits controlling mitochondrial biogenesis and function, Genes Dev. 18, 357-368 (2004). 

MitoGenesisDB http //www.dsimb. inserm. ff / dsimb tools /mitgene / Spatiotemporal dynamics of mitochondrial biogenesis... 

MitoGenesisDB an expression data mining tool to explore spatio-temporal dynamics of mitochondrial biogenesis. Nucleic Acids Res 39 D1079-D1084... 

Than TA, Lou H, Ji C, Win S, Kaplowitz N (2011) Role of cAMP-responsive elementbinding protein (CREB)-regulated transcription coactivator 3 (CRTC3) in the initiation of mitochondrial biogenesis and stress response in liver cells. J Biol Chem 286(25 ) 22047-22054. doi 10.1074/jbc.Mlll.240481... 

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