Misuse and Abuse

Quite a few NSAlDs are available as OTC products. OTCformulations such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, and Nuprin), ketoprofen (Orudis), and naproxen sodium (Aleve) are available to any consumer. The potential for misuse and abuse is high, especially when one is confronted by the large number of advertisements on television and in print heralding the wonderful benefits of these products. 

Although this is not a foolproof remedy for eliminating possible misuse and abuse, thorough patient education can help minimize the risk of problems associated with OTC NSAlDs. 

Wesson DR, Smith DE Barbiturates Their Use, Misuse, and Abuse. New York, Human Sciences Press, 1977... 

Soldatos CR, Kales A and Cadieux R (1979). Narcolepsy Evaluation and treatment. In DE Smith, ME Wessen et al. (eds), Amphetamine Use, Misuse and Abuse. Prentice Hall, Boston. 

Many victims of dependence have apparently normal backgrounds. Some simply make the mistake of trying a substance in some social situation which supports the pleasurable affects, and the substance s pharmacology merely takes over, after a variable period of misuse and abuse. Other victims may have personalities which lead them to escape life s normal pressures, therefore their need for mood enhancement or alteration of consciousness can be an additional pressure on the need to continue the substance. This may be particularly true as tolerance develops and dose increase is necessary to attain the initial effect. 

Partnership for a Drug-Free America. Prescription Medicine Misuse and Abuse A Growing Problem. Available online at http //www. drugfree.org/Portal/DrugIssue/Features/Prescription Medicine Misuse. Accessed June 2,2006. 

OTC sleep aids are generally mild enough that most people who use them do not overdose on them or become addicted. However, because anyone can buy OTC sleep aids in any quantity and they are not usually taken under the supervision of a doctor, misuse and abuse of OTC sleep aids can sometimes occur. 

The FDA in 1938 realized that amphetamines and barbiturates had a strong potential for misuse and abuse. The federal agency used its new regulatory powers and declared that prescriptions were required for... 

Such plants—now classified as psychoactive or hallucinogenic—became a centerpiece for sacred rituals, a means to explain the unexplainable, and a mainstay of medicine bags. How a primitive people or another culture might use a drug as part of their worship rituals differs greatly from its use as a recreational or street drug where very often it is misused and abused. 

Several motivating factors are involved in sedative-hypnotic misuse and abuse. Abusers may seek to... 

Before leaving the discussion on prescription-drug misuse and abuse, we should note that a variety of over-the-counter substances with psychoactivc properties are also subject to abuse. Examples are nonprescription hypnotics that contain antihistamines, nonprescription cold and allcrg) products, laxatives, nonprescription stimulants, and diet pills. These arc described in more detail in Chapter 14. 

Table 4.1 shows the length of time that traces of popular drugs remain in the body. The most commonly misused and abused drugs are listed in Table 4.2. 

Used in tobacco products. This drug affects the CNS drugs. One of the most frequently misused and abused. 

Yannai, S. and Bensal, D. (1983). Gossypol in cottonseed products Toxicology and inactivation. Toxicology in the use, misuse and abuse of food, drugs and chemicals. Arch. Toxicol. Suppl. 6, 167-174. 

Dmg testing only gives evidence that the individual has used or been exposed to a dmg but does not indicate any pattern of dmg use or the degree of dependency. Table 4-1 shows the length of time that traces of popular dmgs remain in the body. The most commonly misused and abused dmgs are listed in Table 4-2. 

We then broach situselectivity (selective reaction at molecular site ti over molecular site t2) and classify it on the basis of the topic relationships of reacting sites (Chapter 11). Where the focus of attention is on site selectivity, we emphasize that the correct term should be situselectivity and not oft-misused and -abused term regioselectivity. We also discuss bisituselectivity for transformations involving two reactant molecules/moieties each with its own preferred site of attack. 

Bacterial infection associated with medical devices remains a challenge to modern medicine as they provide the surface and environment for bacterial colonisation. In particular, bacteria commonly adhere more preferably to hydrophobic materials, which are commonly used to make medical devices. Bacteria are also becoming increasingly resistant to common antibiotic treatments as a result of the misuse and abuse of antibiotics. There is an urgent need to find alternatives to antibiotics in the global prevention and treatment of device-associated infections. Silver NP have... 

Misuse- and abuse-related hazards. These hazards are concerned with the product usage by people and past experiences indicate that the misuse of products can lead to serious injuries. Product abuse can result in hazardous situations or injuries abuse causes include lack of proper maintenance and poor operating practices. 

Portable electric tools are a convenient aid to many occupational activities. However, the necessity to use flexible cables to supply electricity to the tool introduces hazards. For example, such cables are often misused and abused resulting in damaged insulation and broken or exposed conductors. The tool itself could also become unsafe if, say, its metalwork became charged with electricity due to a fault. Constant care and adequate maintenance and storage are essential to safe use. 

SB-6 Nitrous Oxide Security and Control. This safety bulletin is an alert to manufacturers, repackagers, distributors, and users of nitrous oxide for medical and commercial industrial purposes. It warns of the misuse and abuse of nitrous oxide so that effective steps can be taken to prevent theft or improper use (2 pages). 

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