Minium, lead oxides

Stephen Touhnin rejected the positivist-Whig notion of instant rationality according to which, in 1775, Lavoisier used the crucial experiment on the calcination and revivification of mercury by heat alone to discredit the phlogiston theory and establish the oxygen theory. As Toulmin noted, Priesdey responded to this experiment in 1783 with a crucial experiment of his own. Priestley appealed to the reaction between minium (lead oxide) and inflammable air (hydrogen) over water as a counter demonstration , in which the phlogiston... 

This note from Laplace induced Lavoisier to make experiments on the decomposition of water by iron. Lavoisier says Blagden had made known a cette epoque Priestley s experiments on the reduction of calces by inflammable air (see p. 268), and Magellan and other English physicists had communicated them to several members of the Academy. Fourcroy says Lavoisier made further experiments pendant les vacances de I academie en 1783 , to which he was led by experiments of Bergman, Fontana, Hassenfratz, Stoultz and Lefevre. Lavoisier knew that minium (lead oxide) loses of its weight on... 

Lead Tetroxide. Lead tetroxide (red lead minium lead orthoplumbite), Pb O, is a brilliant orange-red pigment which accounted for U.S. shipments of 17,780 t ia 1977, mainly to the ceramics and storage battery iadustries (40). U.S. shipments ia 1993 amounted to approximately 12,000 t. The decrease ia usage siace 1973 (19,000 t) is attributable to discontinued use ia the paint and coatings (qv) iadustry, and alterations ia mbber and ceramics (qv) markets. It is iasoluble ia water and alcohol, and dissolves ia acetic acid or hot hydrochloric acid. Red lead is manufactured by heating lead monoxide ia a reverberatory furnace ia the preseace of air at 450—500°C uatil the desired oxidative composition is obtaiaed. 

Paste Mixing. The active materials for both positive and negative plates are made from the identical base materials. Lead oxide, fibers, water, and a dilute solution of sulfuric acid are combined in an agitated batch mixer or reactor to form a pastelike mixture of lead sulfates, the normal, tribasic, and tetrabasic sulfates, plus PbO, water, and free lead. The positive and negative pastes differ only in additives to the base mixture. Organic expanders, barium sulfate [7727-43-7] BaSO carbon, and occasionally mineral oil are added to the negative paste. Red lead [1314-41 -6] or minium, Pb O, is sometimes added to the positive mix. The paste for both electrodes is characterized by cube weight or density, penetration, and raw plate density. 

Minium (Pb,04) represents a more highly oxidized form of lead oxide that enhances the electrochemical oxidation of lead oxide to lead dioxide. 

Minium, also called red lead, is formed when lead oxide is exposed to air at about 500 °C according to Eq. (3). Roasting ovens are used for the technical process. 

The production of tubular positive plates is in principle similar to that of pasted plates. A number of manufacturers use the same gray oxide as the basic filling substance. Sometimes the share or red lead or minium (Pb304) is increased above 25 or even to 100wt.%. The latter is more economic when the manufacturer runs his own minium plant then the expense of the chemical oxidation of lead oxide (PbO) to minium (Pb304) may be compensated by reduced formation cost. Furthermore, curing is not required, because of the high oxidation state, and the battery starts with full capacity when formed. 

Lead Oxide or Lead Tetroxide (Minium, Red Lead, Mineral Orange, Mineral Red, Plumbo, Puce, Orthoplumbate, Paris or Saturn Red). 

A 2-1. three-necked flask is fitted with a thermometer and mercury-sealed stirrer. A mixture of 1080 g. of glacial acetic acid and 360 g. of acetic anhydride is placed in the flask, and then, with the stirrer revolving rapidly, 600 g. of dry minium is added. It is best to add the red lead oxide gradually in small portions so that it will not cake. Care should be taken that the temperature does not rise above 65°C. Toward the end of the reaction, it may be necessary... 

Pure methyldichlorosilane does not inflame by shock however, it immediately inflames by contact with minium, lead dioxide, copper and silver oxides. Pure trichlorosilane does not self-inflame in air (excluding the possibility of spark formation by electrostatic charge) neither does it self-inflame by shock. However, since technical trichlorosilane almost always contains dichlorosilane SiH2Cl2 (the boiling point is 8.3 °C), capable of self-inflaming by shock, trichlorosilane can also inflame by shock. Thus, if technical trichlorosilane contains more than 0.2% of dichlorosilane, one should avoid shocks and pushes when it contacts air. 

SYNS C.I. 77578 C.I. PIGMENT RED 105 DILEAD(II) LEAD(IV) OXIDE GOLD SATINOBRE LEAD ORTHOPLUMBATE LEAD TETRAOXIDE MINERAL ORANGE MINERAL RED MINIUM MINIUM NON-SETTING RL-95 ORANGE LEAD PARIS RED PLUMBOPLUMBIC OXIDE RED LEAD RED LEAD OXIDE SANDIX SATURN RED TRILEAD TETROXIDE... 

Lead oxide, red Pb30, Minium plumbate of ide of lead red lead trlplum-bic tetroxlde. 

Minium (Pb304) is commonly known as red lead and has been used as a pigment for millennia (3). Minium is a mixed-valence lead oxide, effectively... 

Synonyms Cl 77578 Lead orthoplumbate Lead pi.lH) oxide Lead tetrox-ide Mineral orange Mineral red Minium Paris red Pigment red 105 Plumboplumbic oxide Red lead Red lead oxide Saturn red Trilead tetroxide Empirical 04Pb5 Formula 2PbO PbOj... 

Mineral spirits Type I. See Stoddard solvent Mineral wax. See Ceresin Ozokerite Mineral white. See Calcium sulfate dihydrate Minium. See Lead oxide, red MIPA. See Isopropanolamine MIT MITC. See Methyl isothiocyanate Mixed cresols. See Cresylic acid... 

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