Minimizing energy

Fig. 7. Total energy as a function of setting angle 0. The minimal energy value corresponds to a setting angle of 42.4°.

Model verification provides a common-sense check of results. One quick check is to compare the minimized energy to that of similar proteins. It is also important to examine the structure to ensure that hydrophobic groups point inward and hydrophilic groups point outward. 

Minimal Energy Requirements. The relative effect of the cost of the energy on the cost of the freshwater produced depends on local conditions, and is up to one-half of the total. In attempting to reduce this cost, it is of interest to determine the minimal energy amount thermodynamically needed for separating the water from the saline solution. The physical background to this will be introduced in a simple example. Because of the negligible... 

Bromley and co-workers (36) have calculated the minimal energy of separation of water from seawater containing 3.45 wt % salt, at 25°C, to be 2.55 kj/(kg fresh water) for the case of 2ero fresh water recovery (infinitesimal concentration change) and 2.91 kj/(kg fresh water) for the case of 25% fresh water recovery. is, however, severalfold smaller than the energy necessary for water desalination ia practice. 

Figure 4 The energy landscape of the pnon protein (Pi P) (residues 124-226) in vacuum, obtained by principal coordinate analysis followed by the minimal energy envelope procedure. Two large basins are seen. One basin is associated with the native Pi P conformation the other is associated with partially unfolded conformations.

At the instant of excitation, only electrons are reorganized the heavier nuclei retain their ground-state geometry. The statement of this condition is referred to as the Fmnck-Condon principle. A consequence is that the initially generated excited state will have a non-minimal-energy geometry. 

When using these theoretical results to analyze onion-like particles, we must take into account that calculations are performed for single graphitic shells, which are subsequently arranged concentrically and, then, conclusions are obtained about the minimal energy configuration. This fact arises from the limited number of atoms that may be included in a calculation due to present computational capabilities (the smallest onion-like particles are formed by in a C240 and this system represents 300 atoms). 

One of the main scientific issues of the discovery of the bucky-onions is the unresolved question of minimal energy configuration of carbon clusters (onion-... 

The advantages of VAV are that temperature can be controlled while minimizing energy consumption. Also, the system can be smaller because the maximum demand for cooling never occurs simultaneously in all spaces. The disadvantages are the additional space required for die air-handling plants and ductwork. 

Iand82a] Landauer, R., Uncertainty principle and minimal energy dissipation in the computer , International Journal of Theoretical Physics 21 (1982) 283-297. 

Next, we argue that the minimal-energy lattice configuration in the presence of disorder may contain kinks. At zero temperature the lattice configuration, i.e., Akll (x), has to be found by minimizing the total chain energy (Eq. (3.39)) with respect to Akll (x) at a given disorder realization r/(x). This makes A al(x) implicitly dependent on t](x). 

While for strong interchain interactions large deviations of the order parameter from its average value are unlikely, for weak interactions the minimal-energy lattice configuration of disordered chains contains a finite density of kinks and anti-... 

Ligands reside at a point of minimal energy within a binding locus of a protein according to a ratio of the rate... 

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