Energy-minimization multiscale

Liu X, Jiang Y, Liu C, Wang W, Li J Hydrodynamic modeling of gas—solid bubbling fluidization based on energy-minimization multiscale (EMMS) theory, Ind Eng Chem Res 53 2800-2810, 2014. 

Lungu M, WangJ, Yang Y Numerical simulations of a bubbling fluidized bed reactor with an energy minimization multiscale bubble based model efiect of the mesoscale, Ind Eng Chem Res 53 16204-16221, 2014. 

Shah MT, Utikar RP, Tade MO, et al Hydrodynamics of an FCC riser using energy minimization multiscale drag model, Chem EngJ 168 812—821, 2011. 

The key to controlling multiscale self-assembly is based on (i) the existence of previous individual components (ii) the weak-noncovalent-interactions between them and (iii) the dynamic formation of multiple suprastructures of which the most favored is that which minimizes its energy by a maximum number of interactions between individual components [48]. For this reason, the ultimate structure is predefined by various parameters of the initial components such as functionality, surface chemistry, shape, and size. 

In the present multiscale DFT formalism, the governing Kohn-Sham equation is obtained via the minimization of the energy functional with respect to V J(r), subject to the Lagrange multiplier (E,- El (% - /S, (r) (r)dr)),... 

Since the DPD method is fairly new, there are areas for research in theoretical formulations especially as applied to multiscale problems and energy conserving schemes, formulation of adaptable boundary condition to minimize density fluctuations, numerical integration schemes which improve accuracy and efficiency, and a wide range of applications as illustrated by the examples above. 

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