Energy-minimization multi-scale model

Energy-minimization multi-scale (EMMS) model—a meso-scale model... 

Bridging the gap between micro- and macro-scale is the central theme of the first contribution. The authors show how a so-called Energy-Minimization Multi-Scale (EMMS) model allows to do this for circulating fluid beds. This variational type of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modeling allows for the resolution of meso-scale structures, that is, those accounting for the particle interactions, and enables almost grid-independent solution of the gas-solids two-phase flow. 

IV. Two-Phase Model—Energy-Minimization Multi-scale 159 (EMMS) Model... 

This is a nonlinear optimization problem with eight parameters and nine constraints, called energy-minimization multi-scale (EMMS) modeling, from which the parameter vector X and various energy consumptions can be calculated. 

Li, J., Multi-Scale Modeling and Method of Energy Minimization for Particle-Fluid Two Phase Flow, Ph.D. thesis (in Chinese), Institute of Chemical Metallurgy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing (1987). 

Li, J., Tung, Y., and Kwauk, M. Method of energy minimization in multi-scale modelling of particle-fluid two-phase flow, m Circulating Fluidized Bed Technology II (Basu, P., and Large, J. F., eds.), p. 75. Pergamon Press (1988). 

Li, J. Multi-scale modeling and method of energy minimization for particle-fluid two-phase flow," Ph. D. Thesis, Institute of Chemical Metallurgy, Academia Sinica, Beijing (1987). 

This section will first deal with the phases in particle-fluid two-phase flow by developing a mathematical model to quantify local hydrodynamic states. This analysis will reveal the insufficiency of the conditions for the conservation of mass and momentum alone in determining the hydrodynamic states of heterogeneous particle-fluid systems, and calls for a methodology different from what is used in analyzing dilute uniform flow. For this purpose the concept of multi-scale interaction between particles and fluid and the principle of energy minimization are proposed. 

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