Minimal Structural Requirements

A signature scheme mainly consists of feasible programs for local entities, i.e., a triple of probabihstic polynomial-time interactive algorithms. 

If a scheme with more types of access points is implemented, there are additional programs. 

The only other component is a rudimentary program for the switch, i.e., the virtual network component, which is described below. 

The only fact related to locality that can be seen statically in the programs is what ports they use. Each program has at least the following input-output ports (where everything except for the names is so far only an informal explanation)  

Parts of this mapping are also defined once and for all. In particular, for each correct pair ( authentication , (id, idj ), the switch connects the 2-party ports of those two entities with a point-to-point channel, d similarly, it has a fixed scheme for connecting 2- and 3-party ports of entities in disputes. 

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Ellouz, F. et al., Minimal structural requirements for adjuvant activity of bacterial pepti-doglycan derivatives, Biochem. Biophys. Res Commun., 59, 1317, 1974. 

In 2003, the group of Banik has assayed some 2-azetidinones against nine human cancer cell lines as a measure of cytotoxicity [86]. Structure-activity studies have revealed that A-chrysenyl- and A-phenantrenyl-3-acetoxy-4-aryl-2-azetidinones (Fig. 46), respectively, have potent anticancer activity. The comparable /V-anthra-cenyl, A-pyrenyl, and A -naphthalenyl derivatives became inactive. It is evident that the minimal structural requirement of the aromatic moiety for cytotoxicity is at least three aromatic rings in an angular configuration. The presence of the acetoxy group at the C-3 position of the (3-lactams has proved to be obligatory for their antitumor activity [86]. 

When crude endotoxin from the heptose-less mutant of Salmonella typhimurium is combined with trehalose dimycolate from mycobacteria in oil droplets and injected directly into established tumors (line 10 hepatocellular carcinoma) in syngeneic guinea pigs, rapid regression of the tumors occurs and over 90% of the animals are cured. The three required components for activity in this tumor model are (a) the endotoxin (b) the mycobacterial adjuvant, trehalose dimycolate and (c) a compound satisfying the minimal structural requirement (muramyl dipeptide) for adjuvant activity by bacterial cell wall materials. The mycobacterial cell wall skeleton is able to replace the latter two components. 

Fig. 2. Examples of some partial structures of ketanserin (15) examined to determine the minimal structural requirements for binding.

Marlovits, T. G., Abrahamsberg, C., and Blaas, D. (1998). Soluble LDL minireceptors Minimal structure requirements for recognition of minor group human rhinovirus. J. Biol Chem. 273, 33835-33840. 

Since we feel that perhaps better results can be obtained from another viewpoint, we propose to consider the mechanism of action by an approach considering the minimal structural requirements necessary to bring about hormonal activity. We must remember that the natural androgen and anabolic agent, testosterone, does not display the minimum structural requirements of active steroids —there are many steroids which are less active testosterone itself is an excellent androgen and a good anabolic agent. 

Starting with the basic compound which displays the minimal structural requirements, we will consider the effects of the following alterations on the hormonal activity ... 

In line with the principle of minimal structural requirements, the indiscriminate results of 3)S-substitution point to the uninvolvement of the 3/8-position. Furthermore, as we have already seen, comparison of 2(3,3 - and 2a,3o -disubstituted compounds [87] revealed that the more active epoxides have greater hindrance on the j8-face than on the a-face of the tetracyclic system, in line with a-face attachment at the carbon-3 position. 

Minimal structural requirements for specific GSH binding have been derived from the crystal structure and NMR analysis of GSH-binding proteins [50]. 

These minimal structural requirements, called locality, are described in a little more detail in Section 5.3.1. Similar requirements would be made on general cryptologic transaction schemes, such as secrecy, payment, and credential schemes. Section 5.3.2 describes additional structural properties that characterize special classes of... 

As authentication will be used far more often than the other two transactions, it is important to restrict its communication complexity. (Disputes can be expected to be rare if a secure signature scheme is used, because nobody can gain anything from them, at least in a formal sense.) It was already prescribed in the minimal structural requirements that only a point-to-point channel can be used. 

The model of the access of attackers to system parts reflects locality, like the minimal structural requirements ... 

The peptidoglycan and fragments of it exhibit pronounced immno-stimulatory properties. The minimal structure required for the immuno-stimulation is a muramyl dipeptide (MDP, A -acetylmuramyl-L-Ala-y-D-Gln). Many investigations were directed towards the synthesis of derivatives of MDP. Fukase et al. have synthesized several MDP derivatives, as well as polymeric MPP derivative (compounds 24-29) 14, 15) in these efforts. 

A preliminary conclusion that stems from the critical analysis of these results is that many Strychnos alkaloids and probably the aspidosperman indole alkaloids may reverse in vitro chloroquine resistance with different degrees of activity. Instead of testing all of these alkaloids, it would be now useful to determine the minimal structure requirement for in vitro and in vivo chloroquine-enhancing activity. 

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