Quantitative analysis mineralization

X-Ray Fluorescence analysis (XRF) is a well-established instrumental technique for quantitative analysis of the composition of solids. It is basically a bulk evaluation method, its analytical depth being determined by the penetration depth of the impinging X-ray radiation and the escape depth of the characteristic fluorescence quanta. Sensitivities in the ppma range are obtained, and the analysis of the emitted radiation is mosdy performed using crystal spectrometers, i.e., by wavelength-dispersive spectroscopy. XRF is applied to a wide range of materials, among them metals, alloys, minerals, and ceramics. 

Small solid seuaples can be analyzed directly by dynamic headspace sampling using a platinum coil and quartz crucible pyrolyzer and cold trap coupled to an open tubular column (341,369,379). This method has been used primarily for the analysis of mineral samples and of additives, catalysts and byproducts in finished polymers which yield unreliable results using conventional headspace techniques owing to the slow release of the volatiles to the headspace. At the higher temperatures (450-1000 C) available with the pyrolyzer the volatiles are more readily and completely removed from the sample providing for quantitative analysis. 

It is of interest to examine the development of the analytical toolbox for rubber deformulation over the last two decades and the role of emerging technologies (Table 2.9). Bayer technology (1981) for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of rubbers and elastomers consisted of a multitechnique approach comprising extraction (Soxhlet, DIN 53 553), wet chemistry (colour reactions, photometry), electrochemistry (polarography, conductometry), various forms of chromatography (PC, GC, off-line PyGC, TLC), spectroscopy (UV, IR, off-line PylR), and microscopy (OM, SEM, TEM, fluorescence) [10]. Reported applications concerned the identification of plasticisers, fatty acids, stabilisers, antioxidants, vulcanisation accelerators, free/total/bound sulfur, minerals and CB. Monsanto (1983) used direct-probe MS for in situ quantitative analysis of additives and rubber and made use of 31P NMR [69]. 

Mineral acid dissolution is an important sample preparation process for instrumental analysis, as it liberates element ions into a solution that can be directly introduced into an analytical instrument. For quantitative analysis, most instruments require a solution. 

Applications The general applications of XRD comprise routine phase identification, quantitative analysis, compositional studies of crystalline solid compounds, texture and residual stress analysis, high-and low-temperature studies, low-angle analysis, films, etc. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction has been used for detailed structural analysis of many pure polymer additives (antioxidants, flame retardants, plasticisers, fillers, pigments and dyes, etc.) and for conformational analysis. A variety of analytical techniques are used to identify and classify different crystal polymorphs, notably XRD, microscopy, DSC, FTIR and NIRS. A comprehensive review of the analytical techniques employed for the analysis of polymorphs has been compiled [324]. The Rietveld method has been used to model a mineral-filled PPS compound [325]. 

Finally, note that eukaryote chemotypes have as a general feature the increase inside the cell vesicles of elements, here calcium, previously confined to the outside of prokaryotes, but these increases are different in different vesicles and organelles and in different organisms separating cells into different chemotypes. This is also seen in their minerals. There is as yet far too little quantitative analysis of calcium or indeed of elements generally to allow us to build a full picture of chemotypes together with genotypes (see Table 8.22). 

Quantitative determination of the major and minor minerals In geological materials Is commonly attempted by x-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. Mineralogists use a variety of sophisticated and often tedious procedures to obtain semlquantltatlve estimates of the minerals In a solid sample. The mineralogist knows that XRD Intensities depend on the quantity of each mineral component In the sample even through expressions for conversion of signal Intensity to quantitative analysis often are unknown or difficult to determine. Serious difficulties caused by variables such as particle size, crystallinity, and orientation make quantification of many sample types Impractical. Because of a lack of suitable standards, these difficulties are particularly manifest for clay minerals. Nevertheless, XRD remains the most generally used method for quan-... 

Brown, J. M. Elliott, J. J. "The Quantitative Analysis of Minerals by Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy", from Workshop on Application of IR Methods to the Study of Clay Minerals, Clay Mineral Society, 20th Annual Meeting, October 1, 1983, Buffalo, NY. 

Legin, A., Rudnitskaya, A., Vlasov, Y., Di Natale, C., Mazzone, E., and D Amico, A. (1999). Application of electronic tongue for quantitative analysis of mineral water and wine. Electroanalysis 11(10-11), 814 820. 

Brandt published a description of this mineral in the volume of the Acta of die Upsala Academy for 1742 and in Vetenskapsacademiens Handlingarna for 1746, and mentioned that it contains cobalt, iron, and sulfur, but that, unlike ordinary cobalt glance, it is free from arsenic. When W. von Hisinger made a quantitative analysis of it m 1810, he found it to be cobalt sulfide. This mineral is now known as linnaeite its formula is CosS4, in which part of the cobalt may be replaced by nickel, iron, or copper. 

The specimen Scheerer analyzed was given to him by Professor B. M. Keilhau (51). Using a very small sample, Scheerer made an appioximate quantitative analysis, from which he reported the presence of tantalic and titanic acids, yttria, uranous, cerous, and lanthanum oxides, lime, magnesia, and water. He named the mineral euxenite because of... 

Our famous Bustamante also found iodine in a white lead from the mine at Catorce, situated in the department of Guanajuato. In 1834, I myself, together with M. Herrera, made the quantitative analysis of the latter mineral.. . . ... 

Mossbauer spectroscopy is a selective tool for the quantitative analysis and spe-ciation of a very limited number of elements. It has been mainly used to study iron compounds—e.g., ceramics, as it gives valuable information about iron-bearing oxide and silicate minerals. This technique has been applied to the identification of the provenance of clay and used raw materials—the manufacturing method employed in pottery and, to a lesser extent, to the characterization of pigments and weathering crusts formed on stone monuments [23]. 

The ash of true leather tanned with tannin consists essentially of calcium carbonate with traces of iron and of phosphates. Coloured leathers may contain metals from the mordants used (tin, copper, iron, chromium, aluminium) tin may also be introduced as stannous chloride used for bleaching. Small quantities of silicates (talc, kaolin) may be employed in the treatment of the leather. Finally, other mineral matters (barium, magnesium and lead salts and sodium chloride) may have been added as filling to increase the weight. Complete quantitative analysis of the ash is rarely necessary, but determination of its calcium content is sometimes required, this being made by the ordinary methods. 

Marotti, G., Favia, A., and Zambonin Zallone, A. Quantitative analysis on the rate of secondary bone mineralization. Calc. Tiss. Res. 10, 67—81 (1972). 

Hillier, S. (2003). Quantitative analysis of clay and other minerals in sandstones by x-ray powder diffraction (XRPD). Int. Assoc. Sedimentol. Spec. Pub. 34, 213-251. 

TG-DTA and DSC are suitable for product quality control as exemplified by OIT measurements for polyethylene (PE) and quantitative analysis of the rubber phase in ABS and of a polymer/ softener/soot/mineral filler mixture [77]. 

Mustard, J. F. Pieters, C. M. (1989) Photometric phase functions of common geologic minerals and applications to quantitative analysis of mineral mixture reflectance spectra. J. Geophys. Res., 94,13619-34. 

Abrasive stripping voltammetry — Technique where traces of solid particles are abrasively transferred onto the surface of an -> electrode, followed by an electrochemical dissolution (anodic or cathodic dissolution) that is recorded as a current-voltage curve [i]. It allows qualitative and quantitative analysis of metals, alloys, minerals, etc. The technique is a variant of - voltammetry of immobilized particles [ii]. 

Solubility of sparingly soluble salts of weak acids in strong mineral acids The solubility product principle enables us to give a simple explanation of this phenomenon, which is of relatively frequent occurrence in quantitative analysis. Typical examples are the solubilities of calcium oxalate or barium carbonate in hydrochloric acid. When dilute hydrochloric acid is added to a suspension of calcium oxalate, the following equilibria will occur simultaneously ... 

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