Mineral-tanning materials

Catechu and gambier have catechu-tannic acid and catechin for their essential components. They may be adulterated with mineral matter (earth, ochre, clay, sand), starch, dextrin, extraneous tanning materials and dried blood. 

Used widely in synthetic macromolecular and natural biopolymer fields to evaluate structural and thermodynamic properties of macromolecular materials, thermal analytical methods have been applied to assist in the characterization of natural organic matter (NOM). Originally applied to whole soils, early thermal studies focused on qualitative and quantitative examination of soil constituents. Information derived from such analyses included water, organic matter, and mineral contents (Matejka, 1922 Tan and Hajek, 1977), composition of organic matter (Tan and Clark, 1969), and type of minerals (Matejka, 1922 Hendricks and Alexander, 1940). Additional early studies applied thermal analyses in a focused effort for NOM characterization, including structure (Turner and Schnitzer, 1962 Ishiwata, 1969) and NOM-metal complexes (e.g., Schnitzer and Kodama, 1972 Jambu et al., 1975a,b Tan, 1978). Summaries of early thermal analytical methods for soils and humic substances may be found in Tan and Hajek (1977) and Schnitzer (1972), respectively, while more current reviews of thermal techniques are provided by Senesi and Lof-fredo (1999) and Barros et al. (2006). 

Additional in-stream processes can affect the fi G of DIG (Figure 10). Assimilation of DIG by aquatic organisms through photosynthesis produces organic material with a fi G 30%o lower than the carbon utilized (Rau, 1979 Mook and Tan, 1991), resulting in an increase in the fi G of the remaining DIG. Dissolution of carbonate minerals in-stream will also tend to increase the 6 G of DIG. In contrast, precipitation of calcite will cause a decrease in the fi G of the remaining DIG, due to the equilibrium fractionation between calcite and DIG of 2%o. 

Properties Tan, waxlike material free from ammonia odor. D 0.88 (25C), pH (5% dispersion) 7.6-7.8, mp 42-56C, neutralization value 120-125. Soluble in ethanol, methanol, cottonseed oil, mineral oil, (hot) in naphtha, toluene, and vegetable oil. Combustible. 

A feature of this patent of Ho Tan Tai [43] is the absence of a control experiment where the antifoam is directly sprayed onto cold detergent powder. This means that definite evidence for the effectiveness of the chosen carrier materials in facilitating dispersal of the antifoam, despite a high proportion of solid wax, is not revealed. It also means that there is no evidence either that the chosen carrier materials inhibit storage deaetivation. Finally, we should note that the claimed hydrocarbon-hydrophobed silica antifoams are exemplified by the use of hydrocarbon blends containing either white mineral oil or spindle oil Velocite 6 (manufactured by Mobile). According to the relevant product data sheet [48], the latter material contains a defoamant ... 

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