Mineral copper hydroxide

The formula varies several salts with variable compositions of CuS04 and Cu(OH)2 or CuO are known. Some of them occur in nature as minerals Copper hydroxide sulfate or cupric subsulfate is found in nature as the mineral dolerophane formula CuS04 CuO... 

Copper hydroxide is almost iasoluble ia water (3 p.g/L) but readily dissolves ia mineral acids and ammonia forming salt solutions or copper ammine complexes. The hydroxide is somewhat amphoteric dissolving ia excess sodium hydroxide solutioa to form ttihydroxycuprate [37830-77-6] [Cu(011)3] and tetrahydroxycuprate [17949-75-6] [Cu(OH) ]. ... 

Cupric Sulfate, Basic. Copper hydroxide sulfate cupric subsulfate Basi-Cop Cuproxat. Salts of variable compositions of cupric sulfate and cupric hydroxide or oxide. Occurs in nature as the mineral dolerophane CuS-04 CuO. Reviews Frear, Chemistry of the Pesticides (Van No trand New York, 3rd ed., 1955) pp 316-323 idem. Agricultural Chemistry, vol. 2 (Van Nostrand. New York ... 

Copper hydroxide nitrate, Cu2(N03)(0H)3> i it synthetic analogue of the mineral gerhardite (q.v.). The mineral has been... 

Copper hydroxide phosphate is the synthetic analogue of the mineral pseudomalachite (q.v. Cu5(P04)2(OH)4). 

The natural mineral form of spertiniite is not known to have been identified in a pigment context. However, it is known that the synthetic form, copper hydroxide (. v.), can be reproducibly synthesised via one route in the non-commutative titration of aqueous copper chloride with aqueous sodium hydroxide solutions. Thus, observation of copper hydroxide in a pigment context most likely relates to the synthetic form. Scott (2002), for example, states that this form of copper hydroxide frequently occurs as a component of historical recipes for light blue pigments. 

Copper exists in crustal rocks at concentrations ranging from about 10 to a few hundred ppm, with 70 ppm being about average. In addition, at least 20 copper minerals have been identified, containing copper in the 0, +1, or -i-II oxidation state. These are primarily sulfides, hydroxides, and carbonates, of which chalcopyrite (CuFeS2), is most common. Copper is also foimd in relatively high concentrations in deep-sea ferromanganese nodules, in many cases at concentrations... 

Copper(II) oxide Zinc(II) oxide Magnesium oxide Cobalt(II) hydroxide Cobalt(II) carbonate Calcium aliuninosilicate glasses Gelatinizing minerals ... 

Fig. 31.5. Minerals formed during reaction at 25 °C of a hypothetical acid drainage water with calcite (top), and fractions of the amounts of arsenite, arsenate, copper, lead, and zinc present initially in solution that sorb onto ferric hydroxide over the course of the reaction path (bottom). Bottom figure is plotted against pH, which increases as the water reacts with calcite.

Oxide copper-gold ores are usually accompanied by iron hydroxide slimes and various clay minerals. There are several deposits of this ore type around the world, some of which are located in Australia (Red Dome), Brazil (Igarape Bahia) and the Soviet Union (Kalima). Treatment of these ores is difficult, and even more complicated in the presence of clay minerals. 

We can see that the soluble and exchange forms of these metals are present in small amounts accounting merely for a few percent of the total metal content in soil. The content of organometal species is relatively high in the upper profile rich in humic species, whereas it drops sharply in the mineral horizons. Copper is extensively involved in the biogeochemical cycle in the Forest ecosystems and this is less profound for cobalt. It is noteworthy that a large part of metals (in particular, of copper) become bound to iron hydroxides. This is typical for various trace elements, including arsenic, zinc and other elements with variable valence. 

In the 2nd period ranging from the 1930s to the 1950s, basic research on flotation was conducted widely in order to understand the principles of the flotation process. Taggart and co-workers (1930, 1945) proposed a chemical reaction hypothesis, based on which the flotation of sulphide minerals was explained by the solubility product of the metal-collector salts involved. It was plausible at that time that the floatability of copper, lead, and zinc sulphide minerals using xanthate as a collector decreased in the order of increase of the solubility product of their metal xanthate (Karkovsky, 1957). Sutherland and Wark (1955) paid attention to the fact that this model was not always consistent with the established values of the solubility products of the species involved. They believed that the interaction of thio-collectors with sulphides should be considered as adsorption and proposed a mechanism of competitive adsorption between xanthate and hydroxide ions, which explained the Barsky empirical relationship between the upper pH limit of flotation and collector concentration. Gaudin (1957) concurred with Wark s explanation of this phenomenon. Du Rietz... 

Formula CuCOs Cu(OH)2 MW 221.12 Synonyms copper carbonate hydroxide green Bremen blue mineral green. 

Basic copper carbonate occurs in nature as minerals, malachite and azu-rite. While the carbonate to hydroxide molar composition ratio in natural malachite is 1 1, the ratio in azurite [2CuC03 Cu(OH)2] is 2 1. 

Nickel is strongly adsorbed by soil, although to a lesser degree than lead, copper, and zinc (Rai and Zachara 1984). There are many adsorbing species in soil, and many factors affect the extent to which nickel is adsorbed, so the adsorption of nickel by soil is site specific. Soil properties such as texture, bulk density, pH, organic matter, the type and amount of clay minerals, and certain hydroxides influence the retention and release of metals by soil (Richter and Theis 1980). 

Copper is softer and more ductile than steel and is utilized frequently in the manufacture of pipes and tubing. Copper has good corrosion resistance but will corrode in the presence of nitric acid and other mineral acids. Organic acids do not corrode copper as readily. Dry ammonia does not corrode copper, but the presence of water in ammonia and ammonium hydroxide will corrode copper. Copper resists corrosion in the presence of caustic solutions, but the addition of zinc will increase corrosion rates. Also carbonate, phosphate, and silicate salts of sodium will corrode copper. See FIGURE 9-1. 

Air contains molecular nitrogen and oxygen. They may be separated by liquefaction and fractional distillation along with inert gases, especially argon. Salt or brine can be used as sources of chlorine and sometimes bromine, sodium hydroxide, and sodium carbonate, whereas metals such as iron, aluminum, copper, or titanium as well as phosphors, potassium, calcium, and fluorine are obtained from mineral ores. Saltpeter was once an important source of nitrogen compounds, but today most ammonia and nitrates are produced synthetically from nitrogen gas in the air. 

Metals such as iron and copper are generally most soluble in acidic water (i.e. pH < 7), and solubility increases as the pH drops. Other metals, such as aluminium and zinc, are more soluble in alkaline water, especially when the pH is above 10. In mildly acidic water (i.e. pH 45-6.5), metals such as iron and copper have a low solubility under extreme anaerobic and aerobic conditions. This is due to the formation of sulfide minerals that have a low solubility under highly anaerobic conditions, and the formation of low-solubility hydroxide and oxide minerals under highly aerobic conditions. 

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