Milk floats

Vehicle traction batteries 20-630 kWh (3 MWh) Fork-lift trucks, milk floats, locomotives (submarines)... 

The only bright spot during this gloomy period occurred late in 1978 when the BBC selected Eastlays as the location for filming The Fourth Arm and an episode of the science-fiction series Blake s Seven. Most of the Blake s Seven action takes place in No. 24 District, where a troop carrier upon which the security forces of the Earth Federation arrive to disrupt a dissident meeting was in fact a cut-down electric milk float, its bodywork suitably adapted with cardboard and fibreglass to convey an air of totalitarian menace. 

The most important market remains the car battery for starting, lighting and ignition (SLI), with approximately 50 x 10 units per year being sold in the USA. Lead/acid batteries are, however, also used on a very large scale for traction (e.g. delivery vans, milk floats, fork-lift trucks, industrial trucks — there are more than 100 000 such vehicles in the UK) and for stationary back-up or emergency power supplies. More recently, small lead/acid cells to compete with high-quality primary cells and nickel/cadmium cells for instruments, radios, etc., have also become available. 

The interior design of lead-acid batteries intended for traction purposes, such as milk floats and electric locomotives and fork lift trucks, differs from that of stationary batteries because of their different service requiremens. 

Case I vehicle with open milk-float body used 365 days/year. Top speed 15 mph. Range capability is approximately SOmiles laden. This analysis is done on 25-mile range with 250 slops, which is comfortably within daily range of the electric with reducing load... 

Case 2 vehicle similar to case I but with aluminium box-van body with hinged rear doors. Driven less intensively than a milk-float, the vehicle averages 30 miles/day on general urban deliveries... 

Every electric vehicle, whether on the road or in industry, has a predetermined pattern of use. A milk float is needed to cover a certain route, with a known number of stops, distance to be travelled, and the terrain it is required to negotiate, (ft is important to know of any steep hills the vehicle must climb, for instance, as this will demand extra energy from the... 

The balance or float tank collects raw milk entering the unit, receives milk returned from the flow-diversion valve that has not been adequately heated, and maintains a uniform product elevation on the pasteurizer intake. 

Milk is an unusual colloid in comprising oil particles suspended in water. Adding, say, olive or sunflower oil to water will not produce a stable colloid. Two layers will re-form rapidly even after vigorous shaking, with the oil floating above the water. Milk is stable because it contains an emulsifier, i.e. a compound to promote the formation of a colloidal emulsion. 

When liquid samples such as serum, plasma, milk, or honey are not to be extracted using direct liquid-liquid partitions with organic solvents but through use of solid-phase extraction or matrix solid-phase dispersion techniques, dilution with water (323, 324), phosphate buffer saline (325), or phosphoric acid (326, 327) is often the only sample preparation procedure applied. Milk analysis sometimes requires further pretreatment for fat removal (328). Centrifugation at about 7000g at 4-10 C for 20 min is the usually applied procedure for making the fat floating on top of milk readily eliminated. 

Very few methods have appeared in the literature with respect to the extraction, cleanup, and subsequent determination of corticosteroids in food samples (Table 29.17). Milk analysis usually requires a pretreatment step for fat elimination (527). Centrifugation for 20 min at about 7000 g at 4 C is the usually applied procedure for making the fat floating on the top of the sample. Tissue analysis also requires a pretreatment step for matrix break-up that can be accomplished by means of a mincing and/or a homogenizing apparatus. 

Obtain 10 mL of nonfat milk and centrifuge at 16,000 X g for 45 minutes in a refrigerated centrifuge. (During this step, proceed directly to the chromatography step.) Decant the supernatant into a small beaker. The sediment and floating lipid layer should remain in the centrifuge tube and be discarded. Adjust the pH of the supernatant to 4.6 in two steps ... 

Free-floating sections (40 xm) of paraformaldehyde-fixed tissues are rinsed three times for 5 min each in 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) (Jiao et al., 1999). They are transferred to 10-15 mM sodium citrate buffer (pH 8.5-9.0) preheated in a water bath kept in a conventional oven at 80°C for 30 min. The sections are allowed to remain in this buffer for 30 min to cool to room temperature. Following rinsing three times for 5 min each in the same buffer, the sections are treated by immersion in 0.3-3% nonfat dry milk in 0.1 % sodium azide for 30-60 min. The sections are then incubated in the primary antibody, diluted with a mixture of 0.3% Triton X-100, 0.01% sodium azide, 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) (PBX), and 5% normal horse serum for 72 hr at 4°C under constant agitation. 

In phosphatation, the high-density liquor is heated to 60 to 70°C and treated with small amounts of phosphoric acid and sufficient milk of lime to bring the pH to 7.2 to 7.8. After the addition of lime, the temperature of the liquor is raised to 90°C and time is allowed for floe formation. Some air is injected (blown) into the system for entrapping air bubbles into the floe. The precipitate then floats to the surface as a scum and is scraped off without any filtration. The phosphate clarifiers have many sizes and shapes. Essentially all the present-day systems are based on the Williamson patents of 1918 in which the liquor is impregnated with air, then heated in a suitable vessel so that the insoluble material floats and does not depend on filtration. Some of the best-known clarifiers are Williamsons, Bulkley-Dunton, Sveen-Pederson, and Talo clarification systems. 

The starch milk from the fine sieve is run into settling tanks or through gutters where the specifically heavier starch with any sand present settles out, and the juice and the bulk of the fibre pass away through outlets or by a floating siphon after the starch has become a firm mud. The time requited for settlement in the tanks is from 8 to 10 hours. The raw starch thus obtained is yellowish, brownish, reddish, or grey in colour, and so firm that a man may stand... 

---