Military sites

Keywords Military sites, explosives, TNT, in situ remediation, water treatment, eonstrueted wetlands... 

A portable and automated field screening, for assessing contamination by TNT in military sites, was reported by Pamula in 2004. Microfiter droplets of TNT in dimethylsulfoxide and KOH in water are reacted on a chip in a programmed way, to form the typical color. The reported detection of TNT is linear in the range of 12.5-50 Ig/ml [101]. 

The ECOCHOICE process can be used for treating drinking water, groundwater, industrial wastewater, landfill leachates, and bio-filter effluent. ECOCHOICE has been used at a groundwater treating operation at a military site in Tennessee to treat nitroaromatics. 

Startech PWC systems are applicable to manufacturing facilities, hospitals, process plants, military sites, and municipalities. Systems have been used in the field to treat chemical weapon and explosive simulants. In addition, the vendor claims that the technology has successfully treated metals, such as lead and barium, during testing. The technology is commercially available in the United States and overseas. 

Nitroaromatics are often found in former military sites at which explosives were manufactured or handled. Contamination of the original explosives or their by-products is often widespread. Biotic and abiotic degradation of... 

Levsen K, Mussmann P, Berger E, et al. 1993. Analysis of nitroaromatics and nitramines in ammunition waste water and in aqueous samples from former ammunition plants and other military sites. Acta Hydrochim Hydrobiol 21 153-166. 

States Parties are required to designate or establish a National Authority to ensure the effective implementation of the CWC. The National Authority makes the initial and subsequent annual declaration on chemical weapon stocks or facilities, coordinates and participates in the receipt of OPCW inspections of industrial and military sites, participates in assisting and protecting member states under threat or actual chemical attack, and promotes the peaceful use of chemicals. The National Authority is thus the focal point in a country s interaction with other countries and the OPCW. The Technical Secretariat of the OPCW helps in the provision of advice, assistance and capacity development of relevant skills and expertise in the staff of national authorities. The secretariat also hosts and coordinates regular meetings of the national authorities from all over the world. 

Development of nerve agent-specific reference dose estimates is critical to remediation and restoration at existing and closing military sites, which is a priority activity for... 

Tables A-l through A-4, reprinted from an earlier report (NRC, 2005), show inventories of non-stockpile items that have been stored at various military sites for eventual treatment and disposal. The tables are reproduced here to illustrate the variety of non-stockpile items that exist and that could be encountered during future recovery operations at non-stockpile burial sites.

Secondary explosives, which include TNT, cyclo-l,3,5-trimethylene-2,4,6-trinitramine (RDX or cyclonite), High Melting Explosives (HMX), and tetryl, are much more prevalent at military sites than are primary explosives. Since they are formulated to detonate only under specific circumstances, secondary explosives often are used as main charge or boostering explosives. 

Within the United States, DOD estimates that over 900 military sites are contaminated with UXO. DOD estimates that it has already cost 10.3 billion through fiscal year 1994 to clean up sites contaminated with hazardous materials, including UXO, and that it will cost an additional 31 billion for future actions. In European countries, millions of bombs, landmines, and other munitions from World Wars I and II still remain uncleared. 

Nitroaromatic and nitramine explosives have been found in environmental media at considerable concentrations at numerous military sites. Some of these locations provide valuable habitat to plants and animals. Therefore, it is important to understand the dynamics of how these compounds can move through the food web to determine if exposure is sufficient to cause harm. 

Terrestrial wildlife movements are such that site-specific tools are more efficiently used to refine exposure estimate. In this case, site-specific exposure estimates are used and compared with safe thresholds for toxicity, termed toxicity reference values (TRVs). Toxicity reference values for wildlife have been developed for energetic compounds. This chapter presents a brief overview of the processes used to establish these tools for ERA for explosives and related soil contaminants that are frequently of potential ecological concern at the affected military sites. This chapter also provides recommendations for use of these values in the ERA process. Investigations addressing the importance and extent of habitat disturbance as a component of the ERA process on explosives-contaminated ranges are reviewed in Chapter 11. General bioaccumulation principles and applications of the bioaccumulation factor and bioconcentration factor (BAF and BCF, respectively) concepts that are often employed in the ERA process to determine bioaccumulation potential of MC for terrestrial receptors are reviewed in Chapter 10. 

The CCME protocol was also used to derive human health ESIs, using a scenario adapted for military sites. The military-specific exposure scenario was developed... 

Military Sites Contaminated with 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin Permitting Remedial Action Research... 

CASANOVA OLFENBUTTEL Remedial Action at Military Sites... 

Schneider, J.F., Johnson, D.O., Stoll, N Thurow, K., Thurow, K., 1999. Portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry characterization of a German military site for arsenic contamination in soil. J. Field Anal. Chem. 4, 12-17. 

Thurow, K., Stoll, N., Thurow, K., 1997. Determination of organoarsenicals on military sites. Proceedings International Congress on Analytical Chemistry, Moskau, Russland. p. N-20. 

Perhaps the earliest excavated lime kiln was at Khafaje in Mesopotamia which was dated at about 2450 B.C. A battery of six lime kilns, excavated at a legionary site at Iversheim, Germany, showed that the Romans produced lime in quantity on military sites. The production of lime in kilns was mentioned by Cato in 184 B.C. Pliny the Elder (ca. 17 A.D.), in his Chapters on Chemical Subjects described the production, slaking and uses of lime, and stressed the importance of chemical purity. 

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