Microscopy, total internal reflectance

Several other modes of fluorescence microscopy have been developed, including automated fluorescence image c3dometry (AFIC), fluorescence resonance energy transfer microscopy (FRETM), two-photon fluorescence microscopy, total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, and standing-wave fluorescence microscopy. 

Protein adsorption has been studied with a variety of techniques such as ellipsome-try [107,108], ESCA [109], surface forces measurements [102], total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRE) [103,110], electron microscopy [111], and electrokinetic measurement of latex particles [112,113] and capillaries [114], The TIRE technique has recently been adapted to observe surface diffusion [106] and orientation [IIS] in adsorbed layers. These experiments point toward the significant influence of the protein-surface interaction on the adsorption characteristics [105,108,110]. A very important interaction is due to the hydrophobic interaction between parts of the protein and polymeric surfaces [18], although often electrostatic interactions are also influential [ 116]. Protein desorption can be affected by altering the pH [117] or by the introduction of a complexing agent [118]. 

Tokunaga M, Kitamura K, Saito K, Iwane A H and Yanagida T 1997 Single molecule imaging of fluorophores and enzymatic reactions achieved by objective-type total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 235 47-53... 

Total internal reflection fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy... 

Axelrod, D. (2001). Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy in cell biology. Traffic 2, 764-74. 

Beaumont, V. (2003). Visualizing membrane trafficking using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 31, 819-23. 

Khakh, B. S., Fisher, J. A., Nashmi, R., Bowser, D. N. and Lester, H. A. (2005). An angstrom scale interaction between plasma membrane ATP-gated P2X2 and alpha4beta2 nicotinic channels measured with fluorescence resonance energy transfer and total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy. J. Neurosci. 25, 6911-20. 

Axelrod D, Hellen EH, Fulbright RM (1992) Total internal reflection fluorescence. In Lakowicz JR (ed) Topics in fluorescence microscopy. Plenum, New York... 

Burmeister JS, Olivier LA, Reichert WM, Truskey GA (1998) Application of total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy to study cell adhesion to biomaterials. Biomaterials 19 307-325... 

Total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP), fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM). 

Shino A, Lujioka K, Manabe N, Yamaya S, Goto Y, Yasuhara M, Yamamoto K (2005). Simultaneous multicolor detection system of the single-molecular microbial antigen with total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy. Microbiol. Immunol. 49 461 —170. 

D. Axelrod, Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, in Fluorescence Microscopy of Living Cells in Culture B (D. L. Taylor and Y.-L. Wang, eds.), Methods in Cell Biology, Vol. 30, pp. 245-270, Academic Press, San Diego, California (1989). 

C. L. Poglitsch and N. L. Thompson, Interaction of antibodies with Fc receptors in substrate-supported planar membranes measured by total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, Biochemistry 29, 248-254 (1990). 

C. L. Poglitsch and N. L. Thompson, Substrate-supported planar membranes containing murine antibody Fc receptors A total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy study, in Biosensor Technology, Fundamentals and Applications (R. P. Buck, W. E. Hatfield, M. Umafiia, and E. F. Bowden, eds.), pp. 375-382, Marcel Dekker, New York (1990). 

A. Kurahashi, A. Itaya, H. Masuhara, M. Sato, T. Yamada, and C. Koto, Depth distribution of fluorescent species in silk fabrics as revealed by total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, Chem. Lett. 1986, 1413-1416. 

W. M. Reichert and G. A. Truskey, Total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy. I. Modeling cell contact region fluorescence, J. Cell Sci. 96, 219-230 (1990). 

F. Lanni, A. S. Waggoner, and D. L. Taylor, Structural organization of interphase 3T3 fibroblasts studied by total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, J. Cell Biol. 100, 1091-1102 (1985). 

I. Todd, J. S. Mellor, and D. Gingell, Mapping cell-glass contacts ofDictyostelium amoebae by total internal reflection aqueous fluorescence overcomes a basic ambiguity of interference reflection microscopy, J. Cell Sci. 89, 107-114 (1988). 

D.C. Prieve and N.A. Frej Total Internal Reflection Microscopy A Quantitative Tool for the Measurement of Colloidal Forces. Langmuir 6, 396 (1990). 

Apart from optical microscopy, there are some other optical techniques which are truly surface sensitive and have found widespread use. Examples are ellipsometry (see Section 9.4.1), total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) [316], and surface plasmon resonance techniques [348],... 

To discriminate between surface bound protein molecules and those in bulk solution, total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM)41 55 was employed. TIRFM creates an evanescence wave that decays as a function of distance from the surface as ... 

N. L. Thompson, K. H. Pearce, and H. V. Hsieh, Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy Application to substrate-supported planar membranes, Eur. Biophys. J. 22, 367-378 (1993). 

N. L. Thompson, A. W. Drake, L. Chen, and W. V. Broek, Equilibrium, kinetics, diffusion and selfassociation of proteins at membrane surfaces Measurement by total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, Photochem. Photobiol. 65, 39-46 (1997). 

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