Microscope studies

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) can resolve features down to about 1 nm and allows the use of electron diffraction to characterize the structure. Since electrons must pass through the sample however, the technique is limited to thin films. One cryoelectron microscopic study of fatty-acid Langmuir films on vitrified water [13] showed faceted crystals. The application of TEM to Langmuir-Blodgett films is discussed in Chapter XV. 

Moffat T P, Fan FRF and Bard A 1991 Electrochemical and scanning tunneling microscopic study of dealloying of CUjAu J. Electrochem. Soc. 138 3224... 

Evans R, Smith I, Munz W D, Williams K J P and Yanwood J 1996 Raman microscopic studies of ceramic coatings based on titanium aluminum nitride ICORS 96 XVth Int. Conf. on Raman Spectroscopy ed S A Asher and P B Stein (New York Wiley) pp 596-7... 

Menetret J-F, Hofmann W, Schroder R R, Rapp G and Goody R S 1991 Time-resolved cryo-electron microscopic study of the dissociation of actomyosin Induced by photolysis of photolablle nucleotides J. Mol. Biol. 219 139-43... 

Ogura K, Tsu]igo M, Sakurai K and Yano J 1993 Eiectrochemicai coioration of stainiess steei and the scanning tunneiiing microscopic study J. Electrochem. See. 140 1311... 

Chen C-FI, Washburn N and Gewirth A A 1993 In situ atomic force microscope study of Pb underpotential deposition on Au(111) Structural properties of the catalytically active phase J.Phys. Chem. 97 9754-60... 

Extended defects range from well characterized dislocations to grain boundaries, interfaces, stacking faults, etch pits, D-defects, misfit dislocations (common in epitaxial growth), blisters induced by H or He implantation etc. Microscopic studies of such defects are very difficult, and crystal growers use years of experience and trial-and-error teclmiques to avoid or control them. Some extended defects can change in unpredictable ways upon heat treatments. Others become gettering centres for transition metals, a phenomenon which can be desirable or not, but is always difficult to control. Extended defects are sometimes cleverly used. For example, the smart-cut process relies on the controlled implantation of H followed by heat treatments to create blisters. This allows a thin layer of clean material to be lifted from a bulk wafer [261. 

Careflil examination of a piece of coal shows that it is usually made up of layers or bands of different materials which upon microscopic examination are distinct entities distinguishable by optical characteristics (10—12). The study of the origin, composition, and technological appHcation of these materials is called coal petrology, whereas coal petrography involves the systematic quantification of the amounts and characteristics by microscopic study. The petrology of coal may involve either a macroscopic or microscopic scale. 

Rossmann suggested that the canyons form the binding site for the rhi-novirus receptor on the surface of the host cells. The receptor for the major group of rhinoviruses is an adhesion protein known as lCAM-1. Cryoelectron microscopic studies have since shown that ICAM-1 indeed binds at the canyon site. Such electron micrographs of single virus particles have a low resolution and details are not visible. However, it is possible to model components, whose structure is known to high resolution, into the electron microscope pictures and in this way obtain rather detailed information, an approach pioneered in studies of muscle proteins as described in Chapter 14. 

Lantz, M.A., O Shea, S.J., Welland, M.E. and Johnson, K.L., Atomic-force-microscope study of contact area and friction on NbSc2. Phys. Rev. B Condens. Matter, 55(16), 10776-10785(1997). 

Filtering the tube suspension through a 0.2 xm pore ceramic paper leaves a uniform black deposit on the paper and can produce aligned CNT films [30]. The deposited material was transferred on a thin Teflon sheet by pressing the tube-coated side of the filter on the plastic and then the filter was lifted off to expose the surface. Scanning electron microscopic study reveals that the tubes are highly aligned perpendicular to the Teflon surface [30]. 

Cron, C. J., Payer, J. H. and Staehle, R. W., Dissolution Behaviour of Fe-Fe3C Structures as a Function of pH, Potential and Anion an Electron Microscopic Study , Corrosion, 27, 1 (1971)... 

Janik-Czachor, M., Electrochemical and Microscopic Study of Pitting Corrosion of Ultra-pure Iron , Br. Corros. J., 6, 57 (1971)... 

Zahavi, J. and Metzger, M., Electron Microscope Study of Breakdown and Repair of Anodic Films on Aluminium , J. Electrochem. Soc., 119, 1479 (1972)... 

In the very early stages of oxidation the oxide layer is discontinuous both kinetic and electron microscope" studies have shown that oxidation commences by the lateral extension of discrete oxide nuclei. It is only once these interlace that the direction of mass transport becomes of importance. In the majority of cases the metal then diffuses across the oxide layer in the form of cations and electrons (cationic diffusion), or as with the heavy metal oxides, oxygen may diffuse as ions with a flow of electrons in the reverse direction (anionic diffusion). The number of metals oxidising by both cationic and anionic diffusion is believed to be small, since a favourable energy of activation for one ion generally means an unfavourable value for the other... 

Fig. 1.86 Stills from a scanning electron microscope study by time-lapse photography of iron oxidation showing the results of the crack-heal mechanism. Left, Immsl/tm right, 1 mm 0-5 /tm (courtesy Central Electricity Research Laboratories)...

In a polymeric matrix the filler, even if present in minimum quantities) is always more or less agglomerated [212]. Microscopic studies have confirmed the existence of two types of primary structures in composites [213], i.e., filler aggregates with particles bound together firmly enough, and agglomerates — systems of weakly interrelated aggregates. 

On Electron Microscope Study of M-8 Propellant Powder , Stevens Inst Tech Report for PicArsn (1953) 22) S. M. Kaye, An Electron... 

Microscope Study of the Surfaces of Sectioned M-17 Propellant Grains , PATR 2177 (1955) 23) S.M. Kaye, An Electron Microscope Study of the Surfaces of Sectioned M-15 Propeiiant Grains , PATR 2201 (1955) 24)S.M. Kaye,... 

Electron microscopic study reveals an incalculably small space between nerve endings and the effector organ (eg, tlie muscle, cell, or gland) diat is innervated (or controlled) by a nerve fiber. Fbr a nerve impulse to be transmitted from die nerve ending (motor end plate) across die space to die effector organ, a neurohormone is needed. 

Studies on muscle contraction carried out between 1930 and 1960 heralded the modem era of research on cytoskeletal stmctures. Actin and myosin were identified as the major contractile proteins of muscle, and detailed electron microscopic studies on sarcomeres by H.E. Huxley and associates in the 1950s produced the concept of the sliding filament model, which remains the keystone to an understanding of the molecular mechanisms responsible for cytoskeletal motility. 

Huxley, H.E. (1963). Electron microscope studies on the structure of natural and synthetic protein filaments from striated muscle. J. Mol. Biol. 7, 281-308. 

Han Nl, Lee YS, Choi H, Choi JY, Yun SK, Cho SH, Han JY, Yang JM, Ahn BM, Choi SW, Lee CD, Cha SB, Sun HS, Park DH (2002) PCNA expression and electron microscopic study of acinus-forming hepatocytes in chronic hepatitis B. Korean J Intern Med 17 100-106 Herve F, Urien S, Albengres E, Duche JC, TiUement IP (1994) Drug binding in plasma. A summary of recent trends in the study of drug and hormone binding. Qin Pharmacokinet 26 44-58... 

Understanding the role of surface roughness in mixed lubrication is a first step toward the microscopic study of tribology. It has been an effort for more than 30 years, starting from statistic models, but it is the deterministic approach that provides a powerful means to explore the tribological events occurring at the micrometre scale. 

Antony, P., Kwon, Y., Fhiskas, J.E., Kovar, M., and Norton, P.R. Atomic force microscopic studies of polystyrene-polyisobutylene block copolymers, Eur. Polym, J., 40, 149-157, 2003. 

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