Blood cells, microscopic study

Breipohl W Bhatnagar K Blank M. and Mendoza A. (1981). Intra-epithelial blood vessels in the vomeronasal neuroepithelium of the rat. A light and electron microscopic study. Cell Tiss Res 215, 465-473. 

Pictures of blood cells taken in a transmission acoustic microscope were shown in Fig. 2.4. Blood cells have since been studied in a more modern reflection microscope at 0.8 GHz and 1.6 GHz (Schenk et al. 1988). Like the pictures of cells from the tadpole heart endothelia, the pictures showed differences in topography, density, elasticity, and absorption revealing effects of haemoglobin content and details of the cell cytoskeleton. 

To obtain information on a single particle is important for studying the dynamic properties of living cells. Tishler and Carlson used a DLS microscope spectrometer to study the dynamics of the plasma membrane of individual human red blood cells. They combined an inverted microscope with the photon correlation technique [55,56]. The scattering volume of an 8 /mi diameter cross section and the spread in scattering angle of 5.5r enabled them to study the correlation time due to the spontaneous fluctuations of cells. The detected fluctuation... 

Hematology, blood chemistry and pathology provide important toxicological information (Figure 4). Blood cells and chemicals are measured before and periodically throughout the experiment. Tissues from animals which die or are sacrificed are examined grossly and microscopically. These studies reveal toxic effects on all organs and functions shown. 

Platelets will normally adhere to damaged vessel walls and to other activated platelets in flowing blood in the presence of predorrtirtantly ted blood cells present in greater than 99% by volume of all blood particles, and in the presence of white cells potentially reactive with the platelets. There ate many excellent reviews dealing with the flow properties of whole blood, including the macroscopic and microscopic behaviour of cells (1). There ate additionally many reports on studies of platelet adhesion Sum flowing whole blood onto vessel... 

Lossinsky AS, Pluta R, Song MJ, Badmajew V, Moretz RC, Wisniewski HM (1991) Mechanisms of inflammatory cell attachment in chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis A scanning and high-voltage electron microscopic study of the injured mouse blood-brain barrier. Microvasc Res 41 299-310. 

Petito, C. K., Transformation of postischemic perineuronal glial cells. I. Electron microscopic studies, J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab., 6, 616, 1986. 

Our models of cell contact have developed from electron microscope observations and other nanoscale techniques for studying the detailed structure of cellular junctions, together with the deformation of cells as they stick. Essentially there are two situations (a) where a cell meets another cell, e.g., blood cells touch, and (b) when a cell meets a neighboring surface, e.g., algae sit on a rock. In each case it is important to understand the local environment of the contact region, as shown in Fig. 12.3. This contact area is usually dominated by polymer layers, both on the outer surface of the cell and on the substrate. Such slimy polymeric films often form the bulk of the sohd material in a cell colony, between 50-90%. 

During recent years much information has been obtained about the structure of biological membranes. This information has come in part from biochemical studies (the isolation of different chemical compounds from the cell membranes), x-ray diffraction, electron-spin and nuclear-spin magnetic resonance, spectroscopy, and especially the use of the electron microscope. Cell membranes, such as the membrane of the red blood cell, consist of about equal amounts of lipids and proteins. There is... 

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