Polymorphisms microsatellite

The TNF locus has five DNA microsatellites, TNFa through TNFe, which are highly polymorphic. The exact functional role of the DNA microsatellites is nnclear, althongh they may be important in DNA folding and conformation. Alternatively, they may have no fnnctional effects bnt may be markers of genetic variants in close proximity that have real fnnctional effects. Nonetheless, certain TNF microsatellites may inflnence TNF-a levels. TNFal and TNFd microsatellite polymorphisms have been associated with high levels of TNF-a and TNFa6 with low levels of TNF-a in vitro (59). 

Vanyukov, M.M., Moss, H.B., Gioio, A.E., Hughes, H.B., Kaplan, B.B., and Tarter, R.E. (1998) An association between a microsatellite polymorphism at the DRD5 gene and the liability to substance abuse pilot study. Behav Gent 28 75-82. 

Bretagne, S., Assouline, B., Vidaud, D., Houin, R. and Vidaud, M. (1996) Echinococcus muitiiocuiaris microsatellite polymorphism in U1 snRNA genes. Experimental Parasitology 82, 324-328. 

Chiba M, Suzuki S, Hinokio Y, et al. Tyrosine hydroxylase gene microsatellite polymorphism associated with insulin resistance in depressive disorder. Metabolism 2000 49 1145-1149. 

Bentzen, P., Taggart, C.T., Ruzzante, D.E. and Cook, D. (1996). Microsatellite polymorphism and the population structure of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in the northwest Atlantic. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 53, 2706-2721. 

SAMPL Selective ampUtication of microsatellite polymorphic loci... 

Microsatellites are hypervariable co-dominant loci composed of arrays of 2-9 bp repeating motifs. Differences in the number of repeat motifs in an array define microsatellite polymorphisms. Method development requires the identification of microsatellite loci, and for each locus, the design of PCR primers to anneal to conserved regions flanking the microsatellite. Analysis involves PCR amplification with fluorescently labeled primers followed by electrophoresis to distinguish microsatellite alleles of different array size. 

IL10 promoter microsatellite polymorphism R3 Associated with IL10 secretion Good response to ETN [120]... 

Schotte H, Schluter B, Drynda S, Willeke P, Tidow N, Assmann G et al (2005) Interleukin 10 promoter microsatellite polymorphisms are associated with response to long term treatment with etanercept in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 64 575-581... 

Hajeer AH, Worthington J, Silman AJ, Ollier WER (1996) Association of tumor necrosis factor microsatellite polymorphisms with HLA-DRB1 04-bearing haplotypes in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Arthritis Rheum, 39 1109-1114. 

Field D, Wills C. Abundant microsatellite polymorphism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and the different distributions of microsatellites in eight prokaryotes and S. cerevisiae, result from strong mutation pressures and a variety of selective forces. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95 1647-1652, 1998. 

Zhang X, Leung FC, Chan DK, YangG, Wu C (2002). Genetic diversity of Chinese native chicken breeds based on protein polymorphism, randomly amplified polymorphic DNA, and microsatellite polymorphism. Poult. Sci, 81(10) 1463-1472. 

Bass C, Zimmer CT, Riveron JM, Wilding CS, Wondji CS, Kaussmann M, Field LM, Williamson MS, Nauen R (2013) Gene amplification and microsatellite polymorphism underlie a recent insect host shift. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 110 19460-19465... 

Emi M, Keicho N, Tokunaga K, et al. Association of diffuse panbronchiolitis with microsatellite polymorphism of the human interleukin 8 (IL-8) gene. J Hum Genet... 

Pouplard C, ComOlet-Lefebvre P, Attaoua R, Leroux D, Lecocq-Lafon C, Rollin J, et al. Interleukin-10 promoter microsatellite polymorphisms influence the immune response to heparin and the risk of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Thromb Res 2012 129(4) 465-9. 

Hoekstra, R., Criado-Fomelio, A., Fakkeldij, J., Bergman, J. and Roos, M.H. (1997) Microsatellites of the parasitic nematode Haemonchus contortus polymorphism and linkage with a direct repeat. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 89, 97-107. 

Although less common than SNPs, another type of genetic polymorphism is the variable nucleotide tandem repeat (VNTR), also called microsatellite [65]. 

Polymorphism A common (i.e., at least 1% prevalence of the minor allele in the population) sequence variation observed in an individual at a polymorphic site. Polymorphisms include nucleotide substitutions, insertions, deletions and microsatellites. They may be functional or silent, i.e., they do not result in detectable differences in gene expression or protein function. 

Microsatellites-the repeated units are typically 2-4 bp, and the length of the entire repeat is generally less than 150 bp. This dass often referred to as STRs (simple tandem repeats) is most typically amplified by a PCR for paternity testing, forensic cases, or gene linkage analysis (see Section II, Chapter 4 Polymorphic Markers and Linkage Analysis). 

Polymorphisms in the TNF gene, TNF receptor genes, and DNA microsatellites have been studied to help predict response to the TNF antagonists in RA patients. Polymorphisms of the TNF gene at positions -308, -238, and +489 have been well studied in this respect. TNF -308 and -238 polymorphisms are located in the promoter region of the TNF gene, whereas the +489 polymorphism is located in the... 

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