Microglobulin urinary biomarkers

Between 2008 and 2010, the FDA (2008), the EMA (2008), and the PMDA (2010) qualified the use of seven urinary biomarkers for GLP rat studies to support the safe conduct of early-phase clinical trials KlM-1, CLU, TFF-3, p2-microglobulin, CysC, albumin, and total protein. These are detailed below. 

Biomarkers for decreased function include increases in urinary proteins and elevation of serum creatinine or 2-microglobulin. Biomarkers for renal cytotoxicity include increases in urinary excretion of antigens and enzymes located within renal tissues. Biomarkers for biochemical changes occurring within the kidneys include eicosanoids, fibronectin, kallikrein activity, and glycosaminoglycans in urine. 

Pb workers (N = 128) and controls (N= 93) Pb exposed mean = 33 pg/dl control mean = 9 pg/dl Biomarkers of kidney function Urinary 32-microglobulin increased with exposed workers Chia et al. (1995b)... 

Lesser or earlier manifestations of kidney injury appear to be associated with lower levels of Pb exposure, as would be expected in dose—response terms. Chia et al. (1995b) reported that urinary ai-microglobulin was increased in Pb workers with a mean PbB of 33 p.g/dl versus a control group mean of 9 pg/dl, while Dos Santos et al. (1994) found that urinary NAG, a biomarker for early kidney proximal tubular injury, was elevated and positively correlated with duration of Pb exposure. 

After chronic exposure, cadmium accumulates in the human body and causes kidney diseases, especially lesions of proximal tubular cells. A tubular proteinuria causes an increase in urinary excretion of microproteins. Excretions of retinol binding protein (RBP), (32-microglobulin ((32-M), and a 1-microglobulin are validated biomarkers for analyzing cadmium effects. For this purpose, immunological procedures such as ELISA, and radio- and latex-immunoassays are used. 

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