Microfluidic analysis devices fabrication, using

There has been a trend toward electrochemical reactions in lab-on-a-chip devices in the last few years.51,52 This is mainly because miniaturized electrodes can be fabricated using microfabrication methods and solutions can be transferred by microfluidics approaches.5354 Flow injection analysis and sequential injection analysis techniques were also employed for electrochemical enantioselective high-throughput screening of drugs.55... 

Free-space optical manipulation techniques in microfluidic systems have recently generated a signiflcant amount of interest. Classically the advantage of these optical approaches lies in their ability to provide remote operation and handle individual particles directly as opposed to indirect manipulation of the stUTounding flow field. The precision with which particles can be transported and separated with these optical techniques makes them particularly useful for biomedical analysis devices. While extremely flexible and relatively easy to implement (see the section on Optofluidics Applications and Optofluidics Techniques for Fabrication and Integration), these systems are ultimately limited... 

Zhu et al. [76] designed and fabricated microfluidic devices on polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) substrates for electrochemical analysis applications using an improved UY-LIGA process. The microchannel structures were transferred from a nickel mold onto the plastic plates by the hot embossing... 

Several techniques for miniaturization of simple chemical and medical analysis systems are described. Miniaturization of total analysis systems realizes a small sample volume, a fast response and reduction of reagents. These features are useful in chemical and medical analysis. During the last decade many micro flow control devices, as well as the micro chemical sensors fabricated by three dimensional microfabrication technologies based on photofabrication, termed micromachining, have been developed. Miniaturized total analysis systems (pTAS) have been studied and some prototypes developed. In microfabricated systems, microfluidics , which represent the behavior of fluids in small sized channels, are considered and are very important in the design of micro elements used in pTAS. In this chapter microfluidics applied flow devices, micro flow control devices of active and passive microvalves, mechanical and non-mechanical micropumps and micro flow sensors fabricated by micromachining are reviewed. 

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