Indirect manipulation

Hence a goal of the plantwide control strategy7 is to handle variability in production rate and in fresh reactant feed compositions while minimizing changes in the feed stream to the separation section. This may not be physically possible or economically feasible. But if it is, the separation section will perform better to accommodate these changes and to maintain product quality, which is one of the vital objectives for plant operation. Reactor temperature, pressure, catalyst/initiator activity, and holdup are preferred dominant variables to control compared to direct or indirect manipulation of the recycle flows, which of course affect the separation section. 

This method is most popular with total condensers generating liquid product. Some of the condenser surface is flooded with liquid at all times. The flow of condensate from the condenser is directly or indirectly manipulated to vary the flooded area. Little heat transfer takes place in the flooded regions, as heat is transferred by sensible heat exchange only (Sec. 15.10). To raise column pressure, the flow of condensate from the condenser is lessened. This increases the flooded area in the condenser and lowers the surface area exposed for vapor condensation. This in turn reduces condensation rate, thereby raising pressure. 

The rapid calcium efflux efficiently decreases luminal calcium concentration, which induced acceleration of Ca -pump activity due to facilitation of calcium dissociation from a low affinity calcium-binding site (luminal site). To investigate the possible involvement of luminal calcium in the Ca pump stimulation, the luminal Ca concentration was indirectly manipulated by a Ca -ionophore and a calcium chelator (Figure 5). A23187 induced a five-fold increase in Ca pump activity [3] due to an increase of calcium permeability. Under this condition, Ca pump stimulation by flubendiamide was mostly eliminated [3], suggesting the involvement of luminal Ca in the Ca pump stimulation by flubendiamide. 

The advantage of these optical approaches lies in their ability to provide remote operation and handle individual particles directly as opposed to indirect manipulation of the surrounding flow field (as with electrokinetic and pressure-driven effects). 

Free-space optical manipulation techniques in microfluidic systems have recently generated a signiflcant amount of interest. Classically the advantage of these optical approaches lies in their ability to provide remote operation and handle individual particles directly as opposed to indirect manipulation of the stUTounding flow field. The precision with which particles can be transported and separated with these optical techniques makes them particularly useful for biomedical analysis devices. While extremely flexible and relatively easy to implement (see the section on Optofluidics Applications and Optofluidics Techniques for Fabrication and Integration), these systems are ultimately limited... 

Forward kinematics is a relatively easier task in which motion parameters, like position and orientation of moving parts, can be determined in a specified time course. The motion of the end effector in robots (or the arm or the hand in biokinematics) is determined by indirect manipulations of transformations in root adjoints (or rotations at shoulder and elbow joints). By this method, it is possible to determine the cumulative effect of the entire set of joint variables defined in general complicated nonlinear functions. Once the orientation matrix of each joint is calculated, the final position of the end effector can be... 

Ui. Overhead MX tower product flow this variable indirectly manipulates the reflux flow to the MX tower through the accumulator level controller. 

Working Capital The amount and disposition of working capital and the efriciency of its use determine the immediate prospec ts for future growth in a company. The bulk of managerial effort in a company is directly or indirectly concerned with the manipulation of working capital. Insufficient or misused working capital is the commonest cause of business failure. 

In experimental kinetics studies one measures (directly, or indirectly) the concentration of one or more of the reactant and/or product species as a function of time. If these concentrations are plotted against time, smooth curves should be obtained. For constant volume systems the reaction rate may be obtained by graphical or numerical differentiation of the data. For variable volume systems, additional numerical manipulations are necessary, but the process of determining the reaction rate still involves differentiation of some form of the data. For example,... 

Only transformations in the longest linear sequence (LLS) are considered. The term skeleton constructions refers to C-C and C-O bond formations (notwithstanding redox reactions) that directly introduce native structural features of the bryostatins without further modification. The term other functional group manipulations refers to steps that indirectly introduce native structural elements, the interconversion of functional groups (e.g., the introduction and removal of auxiliaries) and miscellaneous transformations that do not involve skeleton construction... 

The cation pool method and the cation flow method, which are based on low temperature electrochemical oxidation, have opened up a new chapter in the chemistry of organic cations, which have been considered to be difficult to manipulate in normal reaction media. The indirect cation pool method, which... 

Indirect measurements of clearance have the advantage of requiring little manipulation of the mussels, but suffer from the fact that rates may be affected by concentrations of suspended particulates nd solutes. 

A set of experiments on gas-liquid motion in a vertical column has been carried out to study its d3mamical behavior. Fluctuations volume fraction of the fluid were indirectly measured as time series. Similar techniques that previous section were used to study the system. Time-delay coordinates were used to reconstruct the underl3ung attractor. The characterization of such attractor was carried out via Lyapunov exponents, Poincare map and spectral analysis. The d3mamical behavior of gas-liquid bubbling flow was interpreted in terms of the interactions between bubbles. An important difference between this study case and former is that gas-liquid column is controlled in open-loop by manipulating the superficial velocity. The gas-liquid has been traditionally studied in the chaos (turbulence) context [24]. 

Targeting Volatile Terpene Biosynthesis for Manipulating Indirect Plant Defenses... 

---