Microfabricated devices

Losey, M. W., Isogai, S., Schmidt, M.A., Jensen, K. F., Microfabricated devices for multiphase catalytic process, in Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Microreaction Technology, IMRET 4, 5-9 March 2000, pp. 416-424, AIChE Topical Conf. Proc., Atlanta, GA (2000). 

Li, J., Kelly, J.F., Chernushevich, I., Harrison, D.J., and Thibault P., Separation and identification of peptides from gel-isolated membrane proteins using a microfabricated device for combined capillary electrophoresis/nanoelectro-spray mass spectrometry, Anal. Chem. 72, 599, 2000. 

Whitesides reported a microfabricated device where isoelectric focusing was performed in a horizontal channel and SDS-PAGE was performed in a series of vertical channels machined at right angles to the IEF channel (Chen et al. 2002). 

M. Eggers and D.A. Ehrlich, A review of microfabricate devices for gene based diagnostics, Hematol. Pathol., 9 (1995) 1-15. 

The most prominent field of applications for microchip—MS concerns identification and analysis of large molecules in the field of proteomics according to the reduced separation time compared to conventional approaches such as gel-based methods for protein analysis. High-throughput analyses, with lower contamination and disposability, are other features of microfabricated devices that allow the fast screening of proteomic samples in the clinical field. Applications also include the analysis of low-molecular-weight compounds such as peptides or pharmaceutical samples. 

Zhang, B., Fiu, H., Karger, B. L., and Foret, F. (1999). Microfabricated devices for capillary electrophoresis-electrospray mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 71, 3258—3264. 

Figeys, D., Ning, Y. B., and Aebersold, R. (1997). A microfabricated device for rapid protein identification by microelectrospray Ion trap mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 69, 3153 — 3160. 

Figeys, D., Lock, C., Taylor, L., and Aebersold, R. (1998). Microfabricated device coupled with an electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer protein identifications based on enhanced-resolution mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry data. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 12, 1435 — 1444. 

Xiang, E, Lin, Y., Wen, J., Matson, D. W, and Smith, R. D. (1999). An integrated microfabricated device for dual microdialysis and online ESI-ion trap mass spectrometry for analysis of complex biological samples. Anal. Chem. 71, 1485—1490. 

Chang, H., Ikram, A., Kosari, F., Vasmatzis, G., Bhunia, A., and Bashir, R. (2002). Electrical characterization of micro-organisms using microfabricated devices. /. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 20, 2058-2064. 

Li, H. B., and Bashir, R. (2002). Dielectrophoretic separation and manipulation of live and heat-treated cells of Listeria on microfabricated devices with interdigitated electrodes. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 86, 215-221. 

Eigeys, D. and Aebersold, R., Nanoflow solvent gradient delivery from a microfabricated device for protein identifications by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Analytical Chemistry 70(18), 3721-3727, 1998. 

K. M. Walsh, and R. S. Keynton, Fully Integrated On-Chip Electrochemical Detection for Capillary Electrophoresis in a Microfabricated Device, Anal. Chem. 2002, 74, 3690 M. L. Chabinyc, D. T. Chiu, J. C. McDonald, A. D. Strook, J. F. Christian, A. M. Karger, and G. M. Whitesides, An Integrated Fluorescence Detection System in Poly(dimethylsiloxane) for Microfluidic Applications, Anal. Chem 2001, 73, 4491. 

T., Austin, R. H., Sizing, fractionating and mixing of biological objects via microfabricated devices, in Harrison, J., van den Berg, A. (Eds.), Micro Total Analysis Systems, Kluwer, Dordrecht,... 

Other advantages of microfabricated devices include faster response times, and the fabrication of multiple test sites for simultaneous replicate assays in one microfabricated device. This analytical redundancy provides a safeguard that is not easily attained in a conventional macroscale analyzer, where duplicate assays represent the usual extent of repetitive assay of a sample. Encapsulation technology used in the microelectronics industry may also be applicable to microscale devices and could be extended to operations over a wide range of environmental conditions of humidity, and temperature. 

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