Microbes, assessment

Recurrent is the lack of adequate techniques to assess carbon flows through the plants and microbes into soil organic matter (151). Most important is the development of techniques and protocols to separate rhizosphere from nonrhizosphere soil as well as possibly to facilitate analyses of soil carbon dynamics. The use of carbon isotopes, and, where possible, application of double labeling with C and C, seems inevitable in order to separate the contribution of different substrates to the formation of the soil organic matter pool and to get to an understanding of the ecological advantage of exudates and rhizodeposits. 

Scherba G, Weigel RM, O Brien WD (1991) Quantitative assessment of the germicidal efficacy of ultrasonic energy. App Env Microb 57 2079-2084... 

Heavy Metal-Microbe Interactions and Microbial Response Assessment... 

Russo ME, Giardina L, Marzocchella A et al (2008) Assessment of anthraquinone-dye conversion by free and immobilized crude laccase mixtures. Enzyme Microb Technol 42 521-530... 

Host-resistance assays can be used to assess the overall immunocompetence of the humoral or cell-mediated immune systems of the test animal (host) to fend off infection with pathogenic microbes, or to resist tumorigenesis and metastasis. These assays are performed entirely in vivo and are dependent on all of the various components of the immune system to be functioning properly. Thus, these assays may be considered to be more biologically relevant than in vitro tests that only assess the function of cells from one source and of one type. Since these assays require that the animal be inoculated with a pathogen or exogenous tumor cell, they cannot be performed as part of a general preclinical toxicity assessment, and are thus classified as Type 2 tests in the revised Redbook. These assays are also included as Tier II tests by the NTP. 

The bio availability of organic compounds in soils/sediments to microbes, plants, and animals is important from the perspective of remediation and risk assessment. Cleanup technology (ex situ or in situ) of contaminated soils and bottom sediments requires mass transport of contaminants through the solid materials, which in turn depends on sorption/desorption kinetics. 

Kanazawa,]. Biodegradability of pesticidesin water by microbes in activated sludge, Environ. Monitor. Assess., 9 57-70,1987. 

Dobbins DC, Pfaender FK. 1988. Methodology for assessing respiration andcellular incorporation of radiolabeled substrates by soil microbialcommunities. Microb Ecol 15 257-273. 

Formation of the hydroxyl radical. Because the killing of certain microbes was dependent on the ability of PMNs to undergo the respiratory burst, the actual microbicidal species was sought. It had been shown that a potent oxidant was formed during the catalytic action of xanthine oxidase on xanthine an enzymic reaction which, like the PMN, produces both 07 and H2O2. This potent oxidant was proposed to be the hydroxyl radical formed by the reaction between O7 and H2O2 (reaction 4). Because such an oxidant seemed a likely candidate to mediate the microbicidal activity of PMNs, the formation of OH was assessed in PMNs. 

Bioluminescent bacteria are exceptionally sensitive, and even trace quantities of toxins in water reduce the amount of light they emit. In 1979, this phenomenon was used to assess the degree of pollution in water samples, the intensity of the bioluminescent light of these bacteria being measured.34 A year later, the American company AZUR Environmental (formerly Microbics Corporation) manufactured the first specialist equipment—Microtox —for carrying out analyses of environmental samples. 

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