Microbe sensor

Powers L, Ellis W Jr. 1998. Pathogenic microbe sensor technology. Presentation at the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Meeting on Bio-surveillance Providing Detection in the New Millenium. Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, February 11. 

Davis G, Hill HAG, Aston WJ, Higgins IJ, Turner APR 1983. Bioelectrochemical fuel cell and sensor based on a quinoprotein, alcohol dehydrogenase. Enzyme Microb Technol 5 383-388. 

Berger A., Blum L.J., Enhancement of the response of a lactate oxidase/peroxidase-based fiberoptic sensor by compartimentalization of the enzyme layer, Enzyme Microb. Technol., 1994 16 979-984. 

Michel P.E., Gautier S.M., Blum L.J., A high-performance bioluminescent trienzymatic sensor for D-sorbitol based on a novel approach of the sensing layer design". Enzyme Microb. Technol. 1997 21(2) 108-116. 

Bearson BL and Bearson SM. 2008. The role of die QseC quorum-sensing sensor kinase in colonization and norepinephrine-enhanced motility of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Microb Pathogenesis... 

The history of electrochemical sensors began in the thirties of the twentieth century, when the pH-sensitive glass electrode was deployed, but no noteworthy development was carried out till the middle of that century. In 1956, Clark invented his oxygen-sensor based on a Ft electrode in 1959, the first piezoelectric mass-deposition sensor (a quartz crystal microbal-ance) was produced. In the sixties, the first biosensors (Clark and Lyons, 1962) and the first metal oxide semiconductor-based gas sensors (Taguchi, 1962) started to appear. 

Differences between both tests result from the different test principles. Biosensors use either a pure culture of microbes or a defined combination of several species of microorganisms with a fixed metabolic state, whereas for the conventional method an undefined bacterial population derived from activated sludge is used. In Sect. 3.2.1.3 it is shown that this obstacle can at least partly be overcome by the selection of suitable microorgaiusms for the BOD-sensor design. 

NPs play a very important role in determining the interactions between individuals (of the same or of different species) that cohabit an area. The interactions between plants and animals provide examples of the way in which NPs play a role in interspecies interactions. In many animals, the key senses of taste and smell have evolved to be acute sensors of a very few NPs but most NPs are quite possibly never sensed by any organism. However, given that NPs evolved billions of years ago, and terrestrial animals and plants only about 400 million years ago, there is a very large hole in om imderstanding of the selection forces in microbes that drove the evolution of NPs for the majority of evolutionary time. 

Steady-State Mass Balance Method In theory, the Ki a in an apparatus that is operating continuously under steady-state conditions could be evaluated from the flow rates and the concentrations of the gas and liquid streams entering and leaving, and the known rate of mass transfer (e.g., the oxygen consumption rate of microbes in the case of a fermentor). However, such a method is not practical, except when the apparatus is fairly large and highly accurate instruments such as flow meters and oxygen sensors (or gas analyzers) are available. 

Gunn, 1., Richards, S. Recognition and integration of multiple environmental signals by the bacterial sensor kinase PhoQ. Cell Host Microbe 1 (2007) 163-165. 

Another type of electronic nose was developed at Lund University in Sweden specifically to detect the odors associated with spoiled fish. In this case the sensor uses two enzymes linked to a polymer to detect the presence of amines such as histamine, putrescine, and cadaverine. Such amines are produced by microbes as fish spoil. 

Glucose sensors based on the O2 consumption by immobilized microbes will be discussed in Section 3.3. 

The ability of microbes to degrade a multitude of organic compounds is utilized in sensors for the determination of the biological oxygen... 

To establish the assimilation characteristics of microbes, the cells were fixed to an oxygen electrode and contacted with the substrates to be tested (Hikumaetal., 1980d). In contrast to conventional assimilation tests requiring cultivation of 24-72 h the sensor assay needed only 30 min. The physiological state of the cells can be determined in a similar manner (Riedel et al., 1985b). 

Microbial sensors are being routinely used for the analysis of effluent water in Japan (Karube, 1986). They indicate the wastewater constituents that are assimilable by microbes, i.e., a parameter similar to the biological oxygen demand (BOD). 

Muramatsu, H., et al., Piezoelectric Immuno Sensor for the Detection of Candida Albicans Microbes , Analytica Chim. Acta 188 (1986) 257-261. 

An interdigital transducer on the surface of a piezoelectric material can excite and detect waves which propagate along the surface (e.g. the SAW) or through the bulk (e.g. the Lamb wave and the SH-APM) of the substrate. AW sensors typically include an input transducer to generate the wave, an interaction region in which the propagating wave is affected by its environment, and an output transducer to detect the wave. Thus, unlike the quartz crystal microbal-... 

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