Microarray Fabrication

Hughes TR et al. Expression profiling using microarrays fabricated by an inkjet oligonucleotide synthesiser. Nature Biotechnol 2001 19 342-347. 

Aromax process, 1 665 25 171, 176 Aromizing-Aroformer process, 25 175 Arosolvan process, 3 606 P-Aroylacrylic acids, 15 486 2-Aroylbenzofurans, microwave-assisted synthesis of, 16 578 Array detector, 23 143 Array methodologies, 12 513-517 Arrays, large, 16 390 Array spotting/synthesis, in microarray fabrication, 16 385-387 Arrhenius equation, 10 85 14 622 ... 

Biospecific adsorption, 6 396-397, 399 Biospecific binding, in microarray fabrication, 16 385 Biospecific elution, in affinity chromatography, 6 398 Biosphere, selenium occurrence in, 22 78. 

Complex detection, in microarray fabrication, 16 388-389 Complex distillation systems, design of,... 

Contact plants, 23 768-769 Contact printing, in microarray fabrication, 76 386... 

Direct spark emission spectroscopy, 15 348 Direct spectrometry ozone analysis, 17 812 Direct spotting, in microarray fabrication, 16 386... 

Epoxy acrylates, 10 382-383 in varnish formulations, 10 442 Epoxy activation, in microarray fabrication, 16 385... 

In situ silver halide grains, as photocatalysts, 19 344-345 In situ synthesis, in microarray fabrication, 16 386-387... 

Noncontact printing, in microarray fabrication, 16 386 Noncoordinating anions, 16 95 Noncovalent carbon nanotube functionalization, 17 53 Noncovalent fluorescence labeling, 20 519... 

Receptor affinity chromatography, 3 847 Receptor blockers, 5 158 Receptor design, principles of, 76 769-775 Receptor purity, in microarray fabrication, 76 383... 

However, these membranes tend to be very friable and their fragibty may bmit their potential for use as substrates for microarray fabrication. 

Okamoto, T., Suzuki, T., and Yamamoto, N., Microarray fabrication with covalent attachment of DNA using Bubble Jet technology, Nat. Biotechnol., 18,438 41, 2000. 

Avseenko, N.V., Morozova, T.Y., Ataullakhanov, F.L, and Morozov, V.N., immobilization of proteins in immunochemical microarrays fabricated by electrospray deposition. Anal. Cheni., 73, 6047-6052, 2001. 

Using the solution-based procedure, we obtain fully covered substrates, while by the //CP-based procedure, discrete areas of coverage are patterned on the substrate, which is convenient in terms of microarray fabrication because different fluorophore probes can be placed on specific, discrete regions of the same glass substrate. Such an array could then be exposed to a guest solution and subsequently the surface fluorescence emission scanned by a confocal microscope for the simultaneous acquisition of the optical data from the individually addressable areas [60-63]. 

We have also carried out other protein-protein interaction assays using p53 protein function microarrays fabricated according to the protocols described above (6). In such assays, we probe the array with a Cy3-labeled solution-phase partner (for example, Cy3-MDM2) in a manner essentially identical to that described above (Subheading 3.5.2.) for the antibody-binding assay. 

Okamoto T, Suzuki T, Yamamoto N. Microarray fabrication with covalent attachment of DNA using bubble jet technology [see comments]. Nat Biotech-nol 2000 18(4) 438—441. 

A typical gene expression profiling experiment takes place in five separate processes. They are (i) microarray fabrication, (ii) purification and labeling of the target material, (iii) hybridization, (iv) detection and (v) data analysis. The characteristics of each step were briefly discussed in the introduction. A closer look at each of these steps is the object of this section. Here we mainly refer to biochips where the probe is constituted by nucleic acids (DNA microarrays). 

A. Microarray Fabrication Solid Support, Probe Synthesis and Immobilization Techniques... 

The first step of microarray fabrication process is the synthesis of the probe, commonly constituted by PCR products or oligonucleotides. 

In both the cases decribed above, the second step in microarray fabrication involves ordered deposition of the probes on the surface (spotting). The purified DNA probes (PCR fragment or oligonucleotides) are spotted on a modified glass slide in an ordered grid, by means of array spotters and robotic instruments that allow for precise deposition of a few nanoliters of DNA... 

Barbulovic-Nad I, Lucente M, Sun Y et al (2006) Bio-microarray fabrication techniques - a review. Crit Rev Biotechnol 26 237-259... 

Immobilization of proteins in immunochemical microarrays fabricated by electrospray deposition. Arud. Chem. 73, 6047-6052. 

Immunoassay with multicomponent protein microarrays fabricated by electrospray deposition. Anal. Chem. 74, 927-933. 

Fazio F, Bryan MC, Lee HK, Chang A, Wong CH. Assembly of sugars on polystyrene plates a new facile microarray fabrication technique. Tetra. Lett. 2004 45(12) 2689-2692. 

Zhou X, Zhou J. Oligosaccharide microarrays fabricated on aminooxyacetyl functionalized glass surface for characterization of carbohydrate-protein interaction. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2006 21 1451-1458. 

The examples of small combinatorial libraries presented in this chapter were all fabricated manually, but automation of the process could be implemented using for example the already developed techniques for microarray fabrication, microspotter robots for fabrication, and fluorescence scanner for analysis. We hope that this chapter constitutes a clear explanation of the fabrication of combinatorial libraries of fluorescent self assembled monolayers and their applications. 

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