Micro-autoclave

Methods. Reactions were run in stainless steel micro-autoclaves of 30 mL. capacity. Reactors were charged with 20 g. tetralin plus the appropriate additive, flushed with... 

In 2002, J. Yu and coworkers applied the combinatorial approach to this system by using an improved 64-autoclave (800 pL for each micro-autoclave) hydrothermal... 

Chemical Data Systems, Div. of Autoclave Engineering, 7000 Limestone Rd., Oxford, PA 19363. Sample Concentrators, Models 320, 330 CDS Geochemical Research System, Model 820 Model 8000 Series Micro-Pilot Plant Systems. 

BioRad produces Bio-Spin disposable polypropylene chromatography columns (Catalog No. 732-6008) that can be packed with up to 1.2 ml gel filtration media. Their micro Bio-Spin columns hold 0.8 ml media. Both are autoclavable columns that have snap-off column tips, polyethylene media bed supports, and fit standard centrifuge tubes. 

We developed an experimental procedure that can be applied to highly viscous polymer blends. In the DSM micro-extruder [6], polymers are blended in the melt, at the desired temperature and pressure, and injected into a small capillary tube which is immediately sealed with a floating plug. This capillary cell is placed in a small window autoclave and a laser beam enters the capillary cell at the lens-shaped bottom end. The intensity of the light scattered by the polymer system is recorded at two scattering angles (as a function of pressure and temperature). 

All reactions were carried out at standard conditions using 0.5 g catalyst in a stainless steel micro-reactor (Autoclave Engineers) with a H2 flow of 7 [imol s 1 at 623 K and atmospheric pressure. The catalysts were activated by reduction in dry hydrogen at 773 K for 16 h. The hydrogen gas was ultra... 

Place a new autoclave bag over the end of the closure jaws. Take a sterile swab and knock about 30-50 caps into the bag. Pour on sterile mixture of 80% product plus 20% water. Tie up the bag and leave in a warm place at 22-26°C. Observe for up to one week. If no fermentation occurs, then caps are an unlikely contamination source. If fermentation does occur, then action is required. If results indicate activity, this is evidence that technology needs attention. The most probable identity of the micro-organisms is restricted to a very few in Group 1 (see Table 11.5). 

In preliminary experiments the performance of the applied Micro-Berty reactor (Autoclave Engineers, Vr = 12 cm3 [18]) was tested. The catalyst mass introduced in this reactor was mcat= 2.1 g. In preliminary runs, by varying the stirring rate it... 

The micro-emulsion medium was heated to 120-200 °C in a stainless steel autoclave. Micro-emulsions acidified with HNO3 produced monodispersed anatase nanoparticles while those acidified with HCl produced rutile nanorods. Titanium dioxide (Ti02) nanoparticles prepared this way have been shown to be active toward the photocatalytic oxidation of phenol [172]. 

Different types of reactors are utilized for a wide variety of pyrolysis applications, including processing of waste plastics. The worldwide waste plastic pyrolysis systems utilize the fixed-bed designs of vertical shaft reactors and dual fluidized-bed, rotary kiln and multiple hearth reactor systems. The type of reactor used is chiefly based on material to be pyrolyzed and expected products from the pyrolysis. Stainless steel shaking type batch autoclave and stainless steel micro tubular reactors have also been used extensively [14]. Fluidized-bed reactors have been extensively used in producing raw petrochemicals from the pyrolysis of waste plastics [22, 24]. 

To perform its microbiological inactivation action, the steam must come into contact with the micro-organisms. This can occur directly or indirectly. It occurs directly when the steam makes contact, for example, with a surgical instrument located in the autoclave chamber. It occurs indirectly when the steam is generated, for example, inside a sealed ampoule that contains an aqueous solution by heat exchange with the steam in the chamber. However, it is evident that it is impossible to steam-sterilize the inside of a closed empty ampoule or its contents if they are, for example, an anhydrous oil-based solution. 

Some manufacturers (e.g., Supelco, Bellefonte, PA, U.S.A. [12]) produce special micro-hydrogenators, made as small autoclaves, for carrying out hydrogenation in the liquid phase. For the hydrogenation of methyl esters of unsaturated acids a suspension of a platinum catalyst (Pt02) is used. Hydrogenation is carried out in ethanol solution for 15—30 min. 

The alumina aerogel (490 m2.g-l, 1.3 cm. g-l micro-mesopore volume) was prepared from aluminum sec - butoxide dissolved in sec - butanol by hydrolysis with a stoichiometric amount of water. The alcogel was then dried in an autoclave under supercritical conditions with respect to sec - butanol [4]. Two conventional alumina xerogels ( Degussa 110 m2.g-l and R.P. 100 m2.g-i ) were also used as supports of Pd and Pt-Rli catalysts. 

The calcium and magnesium oxides that hydrate after cutting cause expansion of the blocks in the autoclave. While a small expansion can be tolerated, excessive expansion causes the material to exceed the specified dimensions [26.50, 26.51] and can reduce strength through cracking of the mass, or micro-cracking of the walls between the voids. It is, therefore, essential to limit the amounts of overburned calcium oxide and of magnesium oxide, in the lime. 

As seen in Figure 7.6 (a-d), the interconnections in coalescence pores are different compared with those of the primary pores. In order to have primary pore structure in the presence of additives/fillers, the concentration of the additives must be low. The example below illustrates one such case. In this example, the aqueous phase contains 0.5 wt.% hydroxyapatite dissolved in 15% phosphoric acid solution. After emulsification and polymerization, PHP is soaked in 1 M NaOH to precipitate hydroxyapatite and subsequently washed in water to obtain pH = 7. These materials are then washed in isopropanol to remove residual surfactant, toxic monomer residues, and electrolytes. Polymer samples were finally dried in a vacuum oven and then sterilized in an autoclave before use as support in micro-bioreactors or tissue culture studies. 

Mixed valent compounds form the basis of a range of advanced materials. Nanosize rods of crystalline C03O4 have been prepared using a microwave-assisted hydro-thermal method. An aqueous solution of cobalt (II) chloride and urea was placed into a Teflon-lined autoclave and the contents heated to 110 °C for 6 h using micro-wave irradiation. After collecting and drying, the precnrsor was calcined at 300... 

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