Metronidazole affected

Drugs that may affect barbiturates include alcohol, charcoal, chloramphenicol, MAO inhibitors, rifampin, and valproic acid. Drugs that may be affected by barbiturates include acetaminophen, anticoagulants, beta blockers, carbamazepine, chloramphenicol, clonazepam, oral contraceptives, corticosteroids, digitoxin, doxorubicin, doxycycline, felodipine, fenoprofen, griseofulvin, hydantoins, methoxyflurane, metronidazole, narcotics, phenmetrazine, phenylbutazone, quinidine, theophylline, and verapamil. 

Drugs that may affect metronidazole include barbiturates and cimetidine. Drugs that may be affected by metronidazole include anticoagulants, disulfiram, ethanol, hydantoins, and lithium. 

Drugs that might affect amprenavir include abacavir, aldesleukin, antacids, anticonvulsants, azole antifungals, clarithromycin, cyclosporine, dexamethasone, buffered didanosine, disulfiram, ethanol, indinavir, methadone, metronidazole, nelfinavir, nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, oral contraceptives, rifamycins, ritonavir, saquinavir, St. John s wort, tacrolimus, and zidovudine. 

Drugs that might be affected by lopinavir/ritonavir include ergot derivatives, oral contraceptives, antiarrhythmics, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, HIV protease inhibitors, atovaquone, calcium channel blockers, ketoconazole, itraconazole, pimozide, cisapride, clarithromycin, disulfiram, metronidazole, immunosuppressants, midazolam, triazolam, narcotic analgesics, rifabutin and rifabutin metabolite, sildenafil, warfarin, bupropion, clozapine, desipramine, piroxicam, quinidine, theophylline, and zolpidem. 

The following drug interactions were reported for metronidazole, a chemically related nitroimidazole. Therefore, these drug interactions may occur with tinidazole. Drugs that may affect tinidazole include cholestyramine, CYP3A4 inducers and inhibitors and oxytetracycline. Drugs that may be affected by tinidazole include alcohols, anticoagulants, cyclosporine, tacrolimus, disulfiram, fluorouracil, hydantoins, and lithium. 

Drugs that may affect tacrolimus include nephrotoxic agents (aminoglycosides, amphotericin B, cisplatin, cyclosporine), antifungals, bromocriptine, calcium channel blockers, cimetidine, clarithromycin, danazol, diltiazem, erythromycin, methylprednisolone, metoclopramide, carbamazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, rifamycins, cisapride, chloramphenicol, metronidazole, nefazodone, omeprazole, protease inhibitors, macrolide antibiotics, fosphenytoin, and St. John s wort. 

Absorption from the gastrointestinal tract can be affected by other drugs and by food. Aluminum, calcium, and magnesium ions in antacids or dairy products form insoluble chelates with all tetracyclines and inhibit their absorption. Food inhibits tetracycline absorption but enhances doxycycline absorption food delays but does not diminish metronidazole absorption fatty food enhances griseofulvin absorption. 

Metronidazole Inhibits DNA replication Affects synthesis or structure... 

Combination therapy is often used when dealing with infections caused by both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria [50,80]. Combination of metronidazole with either gentamicin or ciprofloxacin appeared to be effective in preventing infection of abdominal trauma [101] when combined with ciprofloxacin, metronidazole was affective as a preoperative antibiotic in colorectal surgery and appeared equal in efficacy to impipenem/cilastin for the treatment of complicated intraabdominal infections [103]. Combination therapy is not always indicated for the treatment of polymicrobial infections. New antibiotics, whose spectrum includes multiple classes of microorganisms (e.g., imipenem), may often preclude combination therapy. 

Both patients responded to a low fat diet and 1% metronidazole ointment. The authors suggested that serotonin indirectly affects the nerve endings of the eccrine glands via other peptides, and that the interaction of MDMA with serotonin may have caused the rapid development of pimples in these abusers. 

Metronidazole Up to 99% of the intestinal anaerobes that are largely responsible for the bacterial formation of ammonia are affected by metronizadole. Its efficacy corresponds to that of neomycin and paromomycin. The mode of action is still unresolved. The dosage is 3(-4) X 0.4 g/day with subsequent reduction to 2 x 0.4 g/day provided two or three stools can be produced each day. When used for longer periods, peripheral neuropathies can occur. For this reason, initial treatment with metronidazole should be replaced as soon as possible by long-term lactulose therapy. (147)... 

Rajnarayana K, Reddy MS, Krishna DR. Diosmin pretreatment affects bioavailability of metronidazole. Eur J Chn Pharmacol 2003 58(12) 803-7. 

Neurotoxicity may occur with metronidazole at recommended doses during prolonged use or at high doses. The signs of this include ataxia, lethargy, anorexia, nystagmus and seizures. Affected animals may recover with supportive therapy. 

Antimicrobial agents most likely to be affected by the first-pass effect include trimethoprim, sulphonamides, fluoroquinolones, chloramphenicol, metronidazole and rifampin. The metabolites of trimethoprim, sulphonamides, most fluoroquinolones and chloramphenicol are inactive, while ciprofloxacin and sarafloxacin formed by N-dealkylation of enrofloxacin and difloxacin, respectively, and desacetylrifampin have antimicrobial activity similar to or greater than (ciprofloxacin) the parent drug. Certain antimicrobial agents (chloramphenicol and erythromycin) inhibit hepatic microsomal enzyme activity, whereas rifampin is a potent inducer of hepatic microsomal enzymes. 

An important determinant of successful HP eradication therapy is the presence of preexisting antimicrobial resistance. " " Metronidazole resistance is most common (10% to 60%), but varies depending on prior antibiotic exposure and geographic region. 37,38,49 The clinical importance of metronidazole resistance in eradicating HP remains uncertain, as the synergistic effect of combining metronidazole with other antibiotics appears to render resistance to metronidazole less important. Ehimary resistance to clarithromycin is lower (10% to 15%) than with metronidazole, but it is more likely to affect... 

Cimetidine, metronidazole and fluconazole affect metabolism of warfarin. 

As discussed for metronidazole, nifurtimox is thought to undergo reduction followed by oxidation and, in the process, generate ROS, such as the superoxide radical anion, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radical (Fig. 39.3) (5). These species are potent oxidants, producing oxidative stress that may produce damage to DNA and lipids that may affect cellular membranes. In addition, Henderson et al. (27) have reported that nifurtimox inhibits trypanothione reductase, which results in the inhibition of trypanothione formation (93% inhibition). Trypanothione is a critical protective enzyme found uniquely in trypanosomal parasites. 

The half-life of a 400-mg intravenous dose of metronidazole was increased from 6.2 to 7.9 hours in 6 healthy subjects after they took cimetidine 400 mg twice daily for 6 days. The total plasma clearance was reduced by almost 30%. However, in another study in 6 patients with Crohn s disease, cimetidine 600 mg twice daily for 7 days was found not to affect either the AUC or the half-life of metronidazole, and no evidence of an interaction was found in a further study in 6 healthy subjects. ... 

A study found that a single 400-mg oral dose of metronidazole had no effect on the pharmacokinetics of pefloxacin, and similarly pefloxacin did not affect the pharmacokinetics of metronidazole. In another study no interaetion was found between ciprofloxacin or ofloxacin (both 200 mg intravenously) and metronidazole 500 mg intravenously, and metronidazole with ciprofloxacin orally. ... 

Information is limited, but the interaction appears to be established. However, the extent to which these antibacterials actually reduce the effeetive-ness of sulfasalazine in the treatment of Crohn s disease or ulcerative colitis seems not to have been assessed, but be alert for evidence of a reduced effect if ampicillin, rifampicin or any other oral antibacterial is given. Neomycin, which also affects the activity of the gut microflora, has been seen to interact similarly in animal studies, but limited evidence suggests metronidazole does not interact. 

Isolated cases of combined oral contraceptive failure have been reported with metronidazole. The interaction (if such it is) appears to be very rare indeed. In a controlled study, metronidazole did not affect contraceptive steroid levels. 

Pharmacokinetic data show that the progestogen component (levonorg-estrel, norethisterone) of combined oral contraceptives is not affected by ampicillin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, moxi-floxacin, or tetracycline. There is no reason to expect that the contraceptive efficacy of the various progestogen-only methods (tablets, implants, injections, lUDs) would be affected by antibacterials that alter gut flora and do not induce liver enzymes. 

Similarly, several medicines or potential medicines have been made that contain imidazole. Structurally, the molecules can be vastly different and can affect very imique disease states. For example, metronidazole is an antibiotic effective against anaerobic bacteria, and it also acts as an anti-parasitic agent. It is a relatively simple functionalized imidazole. Cipralisant is a potent H3 receptor antagonist H3 antagonists are believed to have potential therapy to aid in sleep, cognition, food intake, and memory. ... 

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