Yield ethane

Cleavage of the carbon-carbon bond in ethane yields two methyl radicals whereas propane yields an ethyl radical and one methyl radical Ethyl radical is more stable than methyl and so less energy is required to break the carbon-carbon bond in propane than in ethane The measured carbon-carbon bond dissociation energy in ethane is 368 kJ/mol (88 kcal/mol) and that in propane is 355 kJ/mol (85 kcal/mol)... 

Chlorination of ethane yields in addition to ethyl chloride a mixture of two isomeric dichlorides What are the structures of these two dichlorides ... 

A further increase in the electrostatic field has dramatic effects on the product distribution before secondary ionization sets in. Methane and ethane yields follow the predictions for products having ionic and nonionic precursors almost ideally (Figure 1). 

The reaction of P4X3 (X = S, Se) with [IrCl(cod)]2 in the presence of triphos (triphos= 1,1, l-tris((diphenylphosphino)methyl)ethane) yields the compounds [(triphos)Ir(P3X3)] CV,I I f, according to Reaction Scheme 38.607 The crystal structure of X = S shows that the compounds contain the (triphos)Ir moiety replacing a basal P atom of the cage. 

The base-load supply of butadiene is from olefins plants simply because butadiene is coproduced with the other olefins. There s not much decision on whether or not to produce it. It just comes out, but in a small ratio compared CO ethylene and propylene. Cracking ethane yields one pound of butadiene for every 45 pounds of ethylene cracldng the heavy liquids, naphtha or gas oil, produces one pound of butadiene for every seven pounds of ethylene. Because of the increase in heavy liquids cracldng, about 75% of the butadiene produced in the United States is coproduced in olefin plants. 

Chlorination of ethane yields, in addition to ethyl chloride, a... 

The effect may be steric, although there is evidence that the dinitro-phenyl group has peculiar orienting and resonance effects. Rinkenbach and Aaronson, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 52, 5040 (1930), report that sj/m-diphenyl-ethane yields only very small amounts of hexanitrodiphenylethane under the most favorable conditions of nitration. 

With PCE transformation, the product (ethane) was the same for all supports but yields (measured by both ethane and Q production) varied 50-55% ethane yield was obtained on C, 68% yield on Pd/PEI/silica, and 80-85% yield on alumina. The possibility that lower yields resulted from PCE sorbed to the support was considered the C catalyst was therefore heated to 180°C in an attempt to desorb any species. However, only a few nanomoles of PCE (tenths of a percent of the original mass) and traces of lesser chlorinated ethylenes were detected. This suggests that the low ethane... 

Cathodic reduction of 1,1,2,2-tetracyanocyclopropane or 1,1,2,2,-tetracyano-ethane yields the radical anion of tetracyanoethylene via a formal reductive de-methylenation and dehydrogenation, respectively (Eq. (256) ) 592K... 

For large-scale synthesis of physostigmine, Julian and Pikl (38) devised a simpler route to the key intermediate XXII. Condensation of the sodium salt of 5-ethoxy-1,3-dimethyloxindole with 1,2-dibromo-ethane yielded 3- -bromoethyl-5-ethoxy-l,3-dimethyloxindole, which on heating with methylamine in methanol at 100° gave the V-methyl-amine XXII directly. 

While caoutchouc was first obtained by polymerizing isoprene it has been found that other hydrocarbons containing the buta i-ydi-ene group will likewise yield caoutchouc. Such hydrocarbons have been obtained from several sources, e.g., turpentiney petroleuniy coaly acetylene. Also compounds related to succinic acid, e.g., pyrotartaric acid (methyl succinic acid) are possible of transformation into isoprene. Levulinic acid, which is aceto propionic acid, CHa—CO—CH2—CH2—COOH, yields a cyclic sulphur compound, methyl-thiophen (p. 853), which, like methyl pyrrolidine, yields isoprene. Ethyl alcohol by conversion into acetone and then by aldol condensation with ethane yields 2-methyl buta 2-ene, CHa—C = CH—CHa which may be transformed... 

The yield of ethylene is exceptionally high for s-butylcyclopropane. Foldiak and coworkers explained it as due to its formation not only from a simultaneous cleavage of two bonds of the ring but also from an ethyl radical which is detached from the tertiary carbon atom in the side chain. A support to this suggestion is the observation of formation of higher yield of ethane. However, this correlation can hold only if these ethyl radicals are excited since otherwise the amount of ethylene produced in this way should equal that of the ethane and the small difference in ethane yield is not sufficient to explain the larger difference in the yields of ethylene. Moreover, since for ethyl radical the ratio of disproportionation/combination is about 1, the yield of ethylene from ethyl radicals should be equal to the yield of butane which is only 0.12. 

In an unusual cyclization process, benzil monohydrazones heated in toluene form 4,5-diphenyl-imidazoles (>80%) rather than the expected pyrazoles. The way in which the N—N bond breaks and reorganizes is uncertain, but either a diaziridine or a diazetidine ylide intermediate may be involved. If it is the latter the 1,2-bond of imidazole is formed if the former it will be 1,5-bond formation <85TL1595,86BSB655>. Similarly, cyclization of phenacylethyleneketal hydrazones of benzaldehyde and ethanal yields both pyrazoles and imidazoles (Equation (62)) <86BSB1073>. 

Figure 5.10 shows that C5+ yields are equivalent for the platinum-rhenium catalyst and the combined catalyst system and about 1.0 to 1.5 vol% higher than for the platinum-iridium catalyst. Methane and ethane yields for the combined catalyst system are higher than those for the platinum-rhenium catalyst but lower than those for the platinum-iridium catalyst. Yields of H2 are about equivalent for the combined catalyst system and the platinum-iridium catalyst and are lower than those for the platinum-rhenium catalyst. Similarly, the yields of C3 and C4 hydrocarbons are about equivalent for the platinum-iridium catalyst and the combined catalyst system but are lower than the yields for the platinum-rhenium catalyst. 

Components are selected for each model chemistry so that no step dominates the others in either computer time consumed or error suffered in the final result.. A recent member of the CBS family, CBS-QB3, uses the CBS-Q script carried out at the B3LYP geometry using the B3LYP ZPE. CBS-QB3 appears to be quite competitive with G3(MP2) calculations in speed and accuracy. CBS-QB3 calculations of Af//298 for ethene and ethane yield 7.17 and -23.24 and kcal mol 1 respectively. 

Two papers have been published which examine the electron transfer sensitised photochemistry of 1,2-polyaryl substituted ethanes.Irradiation of solutions of 1,4-dlcyanobenzene in polar solvents containing the ethanes yields the radical cations of the ethane by electron transfer to the sensitlser. Carbon-carbon bond cleavage in the radical cation produces benzyl radical and benzyl carbocatlon. By examination of the reaction products it is then possible to determine which of the benzyl fragments take the charge and hence obtain estimates of the relative oxidation potentials of a series of benzyl radicals. 

Cyclocondensation of the iminotetrahydropyrazole (302) with ethanal yields the bicyclic 1,3,4-oxadiazine (303) in 52% yield <86JOU2038>. In a similar manner, ring-closure of the A-(j8-hydroxy-... 

The radiolysis product yields in the presence of ion scavenger (Table III) also show that ethane is not formed from neutralization of stable ions. Therefore, the remainder of the ethane product (above that indicated to result from neutral decomposition) must be produced by an ion-molecule process—i.e., a yield of G = 1.47. The ion-molecule reactions previously listed show that ethylene ions react with ethyl chloride to form ethane. From the relative rates indicated for Reactions 3a-3d and the ethane yield just derived, a relative yield of 2.46 may be deduced for the ionic fragmentation to ethylene ion in the radiolysis. 

As a final point, consider the observed behavior of the major product yields with increasing ethyl chloride decomposition (Figure 7). The dichlorobutane yield is essentially constant with an increase in the absorbed radiation dose, while the ethane yield rises sharply and the ethylene-acetylene product is substantially reduced. These observations suggest the occurrence of additional reaction processes other than those already suggested. Also, the fact that the ethane increase is not matched by the ethylene decrease indicates that these two phenomena are not necessarily coupled. The most likely explanation is that ethylene is attacked by Cl atoms,... 

The bis(l,5-COD) complexes of Ni and Pt are suitable starting materials for metallacycle preparation from allene. For Ni, concurrent treatment of Ni(COD)2 with allene and bis(dicyclohexylphosphino)ethane yielded (chelate)Ni(C6Hg) (X-ray structure determination), while for Pt, (COD)Pt(CgHg) itself could be isolated. Both of these species have structure XVIII for the organic ligand. 

A problem often encountered in the oxidation of primary alcohols to acids i esters are sometimes produced as by-products. For example, oxidation of ethane yields acetic acid and ethyl acetate ... 

The oxidation of ethane yields not only expeeted ethanol (and also less amount of aeetaldehyde) but additionally large amounts of the C-C bond splitting products methanol, formaldehyde, formic acid, as well as CO and CO2 [28d, 31a] (Table 11.4). 

The example of ethane can illustrate the determination of a molecular formula from a comparison of the intensities of mass spectral peaks of the molecular ion and the ions bearing heavier isotopes. Ethane, C2H6, has a molecular weight of 30 when it contains the most common isotopes of carbon and hydrogen. Its molecular ion peak should appear at a position in the spectrum corresponding to a mass of 30. Occasionally, however, a sample of ethane yields a molecule in which one of the carbon atoms is a heavy isotope of carbon, This molecule would appear in the mass spectrum at a mass of 31. The relative abundance of in nature is 1.08% of the atoms. In the tremendous number of molecules in a sample of ethane gas, either of the carbon atoms of ethane will turn out to be a atom 1.08% of the time. Since there are two carbon atoms in ethane, a molecule of mass 31 will turn up (2 x 1.08) or 2.16% of the time. Thus, we would expect to observe a peak of mass 31 with an intensity of 2.16% of the molecular ion peak intensity. This mass 31 peak is called the M+ peak, since its mass is one unit higher than that of the molecular ion. 

The photolyas of ethane yields mostly hydrogen and mostly in the form of molecular hydrogen. It has been explained in terms of four primary steps ... 

The reaction of the cyclic sulfates 44 of symmetrical anti-l,3-diols and 1,2-bis-(phosphino)ethane yielded 1,2-bis(phosphetano)ethane 45 <01JOM162>. 

The reaction of (F3G)2G=G(F)(GF2GF3) with m-[Ru(H)2(dmpe)2] affords the bifluoride complex ds-[RuF(FHF)(dmpe)2], whereas reaction with [Ru(H)2(dcpe)2] (dope = bis(dicyclohexylphosphino)ethane) yields the... 

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