Methods future directions

There have been numerous communications on the subject of biodegradation test methods, including aerobic compost (30), anaerobic bioreactor (31), general methodology and future directions (32—34), and a fine review article (24). ASTM (22) and MITI (35) have also set forth standard testing protocols for plastics, as shown in Table 2, whereas OECD test methods (29) are more suited to water-soluble polymers. 

There has for some years been a considerable backlog in the development of practicable prechromatographic methods [5]. It is becoming more and more recognized that the future direction to be taken by trace analysts is to make improvements in the extraction, enrichment and clean-up of the sample and in the optimization of derivatization. It is only in this way that it is possible to employ the sensitive chromatographic techniques optimally for the solution of practically relevant problems. 

The Advanced Seminars have been crucial for evaluating the utility and validity of existing methods and results, discussing potential improvements in methods, and setting priorities for future research. A brief summary of the advances made in previous seminars and future directions of research on chemical and isotopic techniques of diet reconstruction follows. 

In the following sections, the nature of chloroacetanilide residues in plants, animal products, water, and soil and the rationale for the analytical methodology that is presented are briefly summarized. Procedures for representative methods are included in detail. The methods presented in this article are among the best available at this time, but analytical technology continues to improve. Future directions for acetanilide residue methodology for environmental monitoring are discussed at the end of the article. 

Hirschmugl (2001) gives an overview of recent advances in IR spectroscopy at surfaces and interfaces, considering not only the advances in experimental methods but also the future directions in which the technique may be applied. 

A key future direction is expanding PLIMSTEX to provide a higher resolved view than the global view of the whole protein that is currently obtained. Digestion with pepsin followed by peptide analysis by MS and MS/MS should allow kinetics and titrations to be measured for portions of a protein, giving PLIMSTEX a view of the protein that currently emerges from NMR and X-ray methods. 

Singlet and triplet imidogen have not yet been detected in solution by LEP methods. Future effort should be expended in this direction and it seems safe to predict that such work will be reported in the near future. 

The work of the AMC has continued largely unchanged over the years with new sub-committees being formed as required and existing ones being disbanded as their work was completed. In 1995, the Council of the Analytical Division set in place a strategic review of the AMC in view of the changing need for approved analytical methods and the need to develop future direction for the AMC as it moves into the next millennium. 

We have presented the first method for directly imaging the position of functional tethers grafted onto the surface of a mesoporous material and, at the same time, validated a simple method by which one may direct the location of grafted functionality within mesoporous solids. This has been made possible by a strong partnership between supramolecular organometallic and solid state chemistry. The results presented now provide a foundation for the future examination of mesopore confinement effects on catalysis. 

At the onset, it should be noted that the method presented here has been the subject of several recent theses. The reader is sure to gain additional insights from the thesis of Ballard (2002) who composed the revised method on the endpapers CD. A summary of the method is detailed in series of five publications, four by Ballard and Sloan (2002a,b 2004a,b) and one by Jager et al. (2003). One major future direction of such calculations is indicated in Section 5.1.9 where the recent ab initio calculation methods of Cao (2002), Klauda (2003), and Anderson (2005) are discussed. 

Two types of information are obtained from any molecular mechanics study, the minimum value of the strain energy and the structure associated with that minimum. Agreement between the energy-minimized and experimental (crystallographic) structures has often been used as the primary check on the validity of the force field and to refine the force field further, but often little predictive use has been made of the structures obtained. As force fields become more reliable, the potential value of structure predictions increases. More importantly, when no unequivocal determination of a structure is available by experimental methods then structure prediction may be the only means of obtaining a three-dimensional model of the molecule. This is often the case, for instance, in metal-macromolecule adducts, and structures obtained by molecular mechanics can be a genuine aid in the visualization of these interactions. In this chapter we consider the ways in which structure prediction by molecular mechanics calcluations has been used, and point to future directions. 

Although a variety of self-report methods have been developed for and used in research in other areas such as memory, decision making, educational psychology, instruction, and clinical psychology (17,18), they have yet to be fully implemented in research on sleep deprivation. The purpose of this chapter is to examine the literature on verbal reports in sleep deprivation and to discuss future directions of research in the sleep deprivation field using verbal reports. 

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