Naturalism methodological

Qian Xuesen, Yu Jingyuan and Dai Ruwei 1990. A new discipline of science-open complex giant system and its methodology. Natural Journal, 13(1) 3-10. 

B.V.C. Natural Product Synthesis. With these methodologies, natural products a-alkyUdene-y butyrolactone structure unit are readily synthesized for examnt T factor,[5 i ( )-isohinokinin,[ ° (+)- or ( )-methylenolactocin (.P,y-trans) i62 phaseoUnic add (/3,y-cw),t isopilocarpine (formal synthesis), ]. 7 ... 

It falls within a realist philosophy of nature to study the most common principles of the natural sciences. To provide the foundational principles which all particular sciences and engineering disciplines presuppose, there must be a way of knowing nature whose subject matter concerns the principles and causes of natural things insofar as they are natural—that is, subject to change per principles immanent to themselves. A realist philosophy of nature therefore has the same general subject matter as the natural sciences, but it applies general philosophical (rather than specific scientific) methods to study nature, and it does not suffer the operational restrictions of methodological naturalism. 

Section VI shows the power of the modulus-phase formalism and is included in this chapter partly for methodological purposes. In this formalism, the equations of continuity and the Hamilton-Jacobi equations can be naturally derived in both the nonrelativistic and the relativistic (Dirac) theories of the electron. It is shown that in the four-component (spinor) theory of electrons, the two exha components in the spinor wave function will have only a minor effect on the topological phase, provided certain conditions are met (nearly nonrelativistic velocities and external fields that are not excessively large). 

The intramolecular version for synthesizing cyclic and polycyclic compounds offers a powerful synthetic method for naturally occurring macrocyclic and polycyclic compounds, and novel total syntheses of many naturally occurring complex molecules have been achieved by synthetic designs based on this methodology. Cyclization by the coupling of an enone and alkenyl iodide has been applied to the synthesis of a model compound of l6-membered car-bomycin B 162 in 55% yield. A stoichiometric amount of the catalyst was used because the reaction was carried out under high dilution conditions[132]. 

The appearance of the 2-(indol-3yl)ethylamine (tryptamine) unit in both tryptophan-derived natural products and in synthetic materials having potential pharmacological activity has generated a great deal of interest in the synthesis of such compounds. Several procedures which involve either direct 3-alkylation or tandem 3-functionalization/modification have been developed. Similarly, methodology applicable to preparation of tryptophan analogues has been widely explored. 

See van Gunsteren, W.F. Berendsen, H.J.C. Computer simulation of molecular dynamics-methodology, applications, and perspectives in chemistry Angewandre Chemie, International Edition in English, 29 992-1023, 1990, and Karplus, M. Petsko, G.A. Molecular dynamics simulations in biology Nature 347 631-639, 1990. 

Neither of these processes has been commercialized, although some aspects of the methodology were incorporated into a plant operated for a short time by the Elcor Company (31). This company, which operated briefly in western Texas in 1968 using natural gypsum, is the only one known to have commercially attempted to recover elemental sulfur from this material by a two-step thermal process. The Elcor plant was shut down shortly after it began operation. Although most technical problems were said to have been solved, production costs were prohibitive. 

METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO THE INVESTIGATION OF THE METAL SPECIATION IN THE NATURAL WATER... 

Molecular dynamics simulation, which provides the methodology for detailed microscopical modeling on the atomic scale, is a powerful and widely used tool in chemistry, physics, and materials science. This technique is a scheme for the study of the natural time evolution of the system that allows prediction of the static and dynamic properties of substances directly from the underlying interactions between the molecules. 

A problem may lie in the knowledge that is required as an essential input to such approaches, being both statistical in nature and from the authors own experiences, often diificult to obtain and interpret generally. Unfortunately, experienced designers will not use statistical methodology, although statistical methods should play an important role in the design and manufacture of reliable products (Amster and... 

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