Functional Methods

Method Function Equipment and/or facilities and applications Method Function... 

All chromatographic methods function on the same principle, which is the partitioning of components in a mixture between two phases (1) a stationary phase, which may be a solid, liquid, or gel, and (2) a mobile phase, which may be gas, liquid, solution, or a varying mixture of solvents. When a mixture is introduced into a chromatographic system, its components are alternately absorbed and desorbed, that is, partitioned between, the stationary and mobile phases. Partitioning is caused by different polarities of the stationary and mobile phases and the compounds being separated. Compounds in the mixture have different affinities for the phases and they will move at different rates in the chromatographic system and thus be separated. 

More recently, Audier and McMahon have shown that the unimolecular dissociation spectrum of transient ions can be directly obtained from a simple manipulation of a series of FTICR spectra. The data arising from this approach very closely resemble those obtained from metastable dissociations in conventional sector spectrometers (MIKES), and it has been consequently dubbed metastable ion cyclotron resonance (MICR) spectrometry. Very briefly, the method functions as follows ... 

This study demonstrates high efficacy and expediency of the TCNQ derivative-based point-contact multistracture as a prospective asset for development of new sensors. The complex character of the sensors response curve and correlation of some response characteristics with different pathological manifestations in human breath, may be further used as a noninvasive diagnostic method alternative to some invasive approaches currently routinely used in clinic. The need for reliable and feasible gas analysis methods functional in presence of atmospheric air, opens opportunities for application of the proposed sensor technique in other spheres of human activity. High sensitivity of the point-contact multistructure enabling analysis of composite gas mixtures, opens up wide possibilities to apply the demonstrated approach for environment and health protection, such as detection of trace amounts... 

Best Synthetic Methods Functional Group Transformations... 

Best Synthetic Methods Functionalization of Aromatic and Heteroaromatic Rings... 

The purpose of this work — and of Radar, Hula Hoops and Playful Pigs, my previous attempt at demystifying science — is to provide a few scientific glimpses into the workings of our complex world. My hope is that by offering explanations for a variety of common phenomena I can help the reader develop a feel for how the scientific method functions, and at the same time, lay down a solid foundation for critical thinking. 

Figure 1 shows the use of a single analytical method function as an important technical bridge between the API and the drug product as they move through the various stages of development, clinical study, process development, and process validation into production. 

Riley et al. 2007 [46] 27 pp. The efficacy of DFT is examined for small molecules containing elements commonly found in proteins, DNA, and RNA. The results are very clearly presented with figures. Very extensive comparison 37 DFT methods (functional/basis set pairs) are compared with ab initio HF and MP2. The Pople 6-31G basis (sometimes used with one or two sets... 

In contrast to other methods, functional groups such as esters, amides, nitriles, alkenes, alkynes, etc. were unaffected, under these conditions. In pure methanol, ethanol or ethylene glycol, thioacetals were converted to acetals. The use of [bis(trichloroacetoxy)iodo]benzene gave equally good results [44]. Generally, since trichloroacetic acid is 3 times cheaper than trifluoroacetic acid on a mole basis, [bis(trichloroacetoxy)iodo]benzene may be an alternative to BTI. 

In order to determine if the method functioned properly in the occupational environment, simultaneous samples were taken using impingers containing the cupric chloride prefilter and silica gel tubes without a prefilter. These samples were collected side by side and under the same conditions in industrial environments where MIC was not likely to be present. If there were any ambient interferences, there would be significant differences in the concentrations that were obtained by the collection procedures. Table VI illustrates the results that were obtained and no significant differences in the concentrations could be determined. 

The effluent stream from the stack contained a high moisture content and even under these conditions the method functioned properly. The results shown in Table XIV show that a proportional increase in concentration was obtained as the charge rate increased. Appendix A describes the analytical method in total using the ion exchange resin as the sampling adsorbent. 

We shall distinguish between the methods of synthesis that give direct access to themacromonomer (i.e. in one step) and those involving two steps. In the two-step method functionalization at the chain end is performed followed by reaction with some unsaturated compound to introduce into the macromolecule a polymerizable double bond at chain end. 

Pseudospectral Methods functions with one higher angular momentum than already present. ... 

In the spirit of the new humanism, the historiographical focus on method functioned not only to appropriate past science to the internal interests of present science, but also as a strategic bridge between science and its cultural milieu. Both Sarton and Conant presented the history of science as a way of bridging the growing cultural gap between modern science and the educated... 

High quality and valuable in vitro dissolution tests are obtained by a rational design of test method as described above. However, there are different means to validate the method, i.e., to verify that the method functions as intended. These include... 

---