Methanol parallel channel

Methanol Steam Reforming 2 [MSR 2] Electrically Heated Parallel Channel Chip-like Reactor... 

In a number of papers, the development of mini-plants for reforming was reported. Seo et al. (2004) developed such a mini-reformer for the steam conversion of methanol. This reformer contained a methanol evaporator and the reactor proper. The unit was built from stainless steel plates. These plates contained 20 parallel channels that were 0.5 mm wide, 0.6 mm deep, and 30 mm long. A Cu-Zn0-Al203 steam-conversion catalyst was deposited in these channels. A mixture of methanol and water was placed in the evaporator. The conversion process occurred at a temperature of 200 to 260°C. The full unit measured 7x4x3 cm (84 cm ). The unit generated hydrogen sufficiently fast for a 10-W fuel cell. 

The reactor consists of two parallel channels that include rows of steam reforming (SR) channels and methanol oxidation (OX) channels. Modeling was used to... 

The catalytic combustor provides heat for the endothermic reforming reaction and the vaporization of liquid fuel. The endothermic reforming reaction is carried out in a parallel flow-type micro-channel of the reformer unit. It is well known that the methanol steam reforming reaction for hydrogen production over the Cu/ZnO/AbOs catalyst involves the following reactions [10]. Eq. (1) is the algebraic summation of Eqs. (2) and (3). 

Zervamicin IIA, a hexadecapeptide antibiotic isolated from fungi, forms ion channels in phospholipid bilayers. When it was spin-labelled at the C-terminal end with tempamine, PELDOR measurements in glassy toluene methanol gave average distances between the spin labels in the aggregates of 25-35 A, depending on solvent composition, which indicated that the peptides oriented in anti-parallel fashion.51... 

Fig. 11.10 Parallel chronoamperometric screening of a 64-element, thin film electrocatalyst library for the oxidation of methanol. The library contained a diverse set of binary, ternary and quaternary electrocatalyst compositions consisting of Pt in combination with W, Ni, Co and Ru. The graph plots current vs. time and channel number. Conditions 1 M methanol, 0.5 M H2S04, room temperature, = + 450 mV/RHE, test time = 5 min. For clarity, channel numbers 2-4,10,12,19, 20, 23, 26-29, 42,45 and 57 are omitted. (Reproduced from [18]).

Men, Y., Gnaser, H., Zapf, R., Kolb, G., Hessel, V., Ziegler, C., Parallel screening of Cu/Ce02/y-Al203 for steam reforming of methanol in a 10 channel micro-reactor, Catal. Commun. 2004, submitted for publication. 

The goal of using solid-state electrolytic reactors is not only to generate electrical power, but also to combine this with an industrially important catalytic reaction, such as dissociation of oxygen-containing compounds like NO [40,41], quantitative oxidation of NH3 to NO [42-44], oxidation of SO2 [45], and methanol [46], ethylene epoxidation [46], or Fischer-Tropsch synthesis [47]. The cross-flow reactor used in this type of study (Fig. 10) [48,49] has a solid electrolyte consisting of yttria-doped zirconia. The plates are electrically connected in series, with a varying number of plates in parallel. The oxidant flow channels... 

At the same time, the bioanalysis of LOR and DCL in rat, rabbit, mouse, and dog plasma was reported by others [64]. In order to get more rehable toxicology data, the bioanalysis in these four preclinical species is done simultaneously instead of on separate days. The sample pretreatment was SPE in a 96-well plate format, using a Tomtec Quadra hquid handling system and an Empore Cig 96-well extraction disk plate. Fom-channel parallel LC was done with four 100x2-mm-lD Cg colunms (5 pm) and a mobile phase of 85% methanol in 25 mmol/1 aqueous AmOAc (adjusted to pH 3.5). The mobile phase was delivered at a flow-rate of 800 pl/min and split into 200 pl/min over each of the four colunms. A multi-injector system was apphed with four injection needles. A post-column spht was applied to deliver 60 pEmin per column to a four-channel multiplexed ESI source (Ch. 5.5.3). The interspray step time was 50 ms. Positive-ion ESI-MS was performed in SRM mode with a dwell time of 50 ms for each of the four transitions, i.e., LOR, DCL, and their [DJ-ILIS, with 20 ms interchannel delay. The total cycle time was thus 1.24 s. The LOQ was 1 ng/ml for both analytes. QC samples showed precision ranging from 1 to 16% and accuracy from -8.44 to 10.5%. The interspray crosstalk was less than 0.08% at concentrations as high as 1000 ng/ml. 

An example of the micro-direct methanol fuel cell (p-DMFC) is illustrated in Eig. 3.1. The cell is equipped with two parallel micro channels to supply fuel (CH OH/H SO /H O) and oxidant (saturated 0,/H SO,/H O) [16-18]. At the... 

The dominance of the pathway given by Eq. 15, which is by no means the least endoergic dissociation channel, parallels the observations that O—H and S—H fission are the sole primary channels following photoexcitation of methanol and methanethiol in their respective first absorption bands ... 

Scott et al. [44] have designed two types of flow cells (1) parallel flow channel arrangement and (2) a spot design of a flow bed. These two types of flow cells are designed to test with electrodes made of Teflon and carbon with ruthenium and platinum as catalysts on electrodes. Teflon was used for the purpose of providing hydrophobic effect in the electrode. By making the electrode hydrophobic, the flow of methanol is improved. 

Catalysts not only accelerate a chemical reaction, but also help to channel a reaction to produce a desired product. This selectivity does not contradict the fact that the position of equilibrium itself cannot be influenced. It only means that under given circumstances, one of the many possible spontaneous parallel reactions will be considerably more accelerated than the others. For example, the process of hydrogenating carbon monoxide (Fischer-Tropsch synthesis) can produce methanol (catalysts ZnO, Cr203) or unsaturated hydrocarbons (catalyst Fe), depending upon the type of catalyst used and the reaction conditions. In contrast, we use the term specificity if a catalyst only affects certain substances. Very high selectivity and specificity can be found in reactions catalyzed by enzymes. These are very important reactions that will be gone into more detail in the next section. 

Kundu et al. at Samsung [54] developed a microreactor for methanol steam reforming in the power range 5-10 W. The microreformer was 30 mm wide and long and comprised evaporation and steam reforming zones. Parallel and serpentine channels for steam reforming were tested alternatively the serpentine arrangement... 

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