Methanol lignin

Barnoud, F, Sur la Lignine Elabor6 par les Tissus d Arbres Cultiv6s in vitro. C. R. hebd. Stances Acad Sci. (France) 233, 1848—1851 (1961). Bland, D. E., and S. Sternhell Aromatic Protons in Methanol Lignins. Austral. J. Chem. 18, 401 (1965). 

Hydroxy propyl lignin (HPL) Two different HPL preparations were used in this study (12). Blends containing PE and EVA utilized an HPL from organosolv (methanol) lignin from red oak and blends containing PVA and PMMA utilized an HPL from kraft lignin (Indulin-AT from Westvaco Corporation, Charleston, SC). 

Bland DE, Sternhell S (1965) Estimation of aromatic protons in methanol lignins of Pinus radtata and Eucalyptus regnans from proton magnetic resonance spectra Aust J Chem 18 401-410... 

Arabinan. This highly soluble polymer is found in the extracts of many fmits and seeds, in the boiling water extracts of pine wood (127), in the extracts of marshmallow roots (A/t/jaea officina/is) (128), and aspen (63) and willow (Sa/ix a/ba F) (129) bark. Because arabinan can be isolated from mildly degraded pectin fractions, it is often difficult to determine whether it is a hemiceUulose or a labile fragment of a larger polysaccharide and/or lignin complex. Arabinans have a complex stmcture composed almost entirely of 5-linked a-L-arabinofuranosyl units with similar residues linked to them at C-2 and/or C-3 and is soluble in 70% aqueous methanol solution. 

By far the preponderance of the 3400 kt of current worldwide phenolic resin production is in the form of phenol-formaldehyde (PF) reaction products. Phenol and formaldehyde are currently two of the most available monomers on earth. About 6000 kt of phenol and 10,000 kt of formaldehyde (100% basis) were produced in 1998 [55,56]. The organic raw materials for synthesis of phenol and formaldehyde are cumene (derived from benzene and propylene) and methanol, respectively. These materials are, in turn, obtained from petroleum and natural gas at relatively low cost ([57], pp. 10-26 [58], pp. 1-30). Cost is one of the most important advantages of phenolics in most applications. It is critical to the acceptance of phenolics for wood panel manufacture. With the exception of urea-formaldehyde resins, PF resins are the lowest cost thermosetting resins available. In addition to its synthesis from low cost monomers, phenolic resin costs are often further reduced by extension with fillers such as clays, chalk, rags, wood flours, nutshell flours, grain flours, starches, lignins, tannins, and various other low eost materials. Often these fillers and extenders improve the performance of the phenolic for a particular use while reducing cost. 

In the case of liq expls and propints, Myrol (methyl nitrate plus methanol) was used either by itself or in mixts with liqs such as benz, MNB, etc. For use as a plastic expl or propint, Myrol was treated with small quantities of NC to form a soft jelly. As a solid expl or propint, it was treated with 25-30% NC to form a hard jelly, or was mixed with the usual sol ingredients of dynamites, sUch as kieselguhr, sawdust, inorganic nitrates, lignin, etc... 

The plant cell wall contains different types of polysaccharides, proteins (structural glycoproteins and enzymes), lignin and water, as well as some inorganic components (1, 14-16). The plant cell suspensions, however, grow as a population of cells with a primary cell wall(17). The main components of these walls are cellulose-free polysaccharides and pectic polysaccharides in particular, which constitute 1/3 of their dry weight. (18). Some fragments, e g. methanol, acetic, ferulic and p-cumaric acids, are connected with the pectic polysaccharides by ester bonds with the carboxylic and hydroxylic groups. 

However, in 1939 this difficulty was obviated by Brauns extraction of about 3% lignin from spruce wood by means of the solvent, ethyl alcohol, at room temperature (9). He termed this preparation native lignin. It was found to be soluble in methanol, ethanol, dioxane, dilute sodium hydroxide and pyridine, and insoluble in water, ether, petroleum ether and benzene. Chemically it behaved the same as lignin as it exists in woody tissues. It also reduced Fehling s solution and gave a strong... 

Partly methylated methanol native lignin, OCH3% 24-4... 

De Stevens and Nord (111) have reacted bagasse native lignin with diazomethane and with methanolic hydrogen chloride and have obtained similar results (Table 9). 

Pyrolysis has a long history in the upgrading of biomass. The dry distillation of hardwood was applied in the early 1990s to produce organic intermediates (methanol and acetic acid), charcoal and fuel gas [3]. Today s processes can be tuned to form char, oil and/or gas, all depending on the temperature and reaction time, from 300 °C and hours, to 400-500 °C and seconds-minutes, to >700 °C and a fraction of a second [3, 19, 23, 24], The process is typically carried out under inert atmosphere. We illustrate the basic chemistry of pyrolysis by focusing on the conversion of the carbohydrate components (Fig. 2.4). The reaction of the lignin will not be covered here but should obviously be considered in a real process. Interested readers could consult the literature, e.g., [25]. Pyrolysis is discussed in more details elsewhere in this book [26],... 

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