Metallothionein expression

Penkowa M, Keller P, Keller C, Hidalgo J, Giralt M, Pedersen BK (2005) Exercise induced metallothionein expression in human skeletal muscle fibres. Exp Physiol 90 477-86 Ramkumar V, Stiles GL, Beaven MA, Ali H (1993) The A3 adenosine receptor is the unique adenosine receptor which facilitates release of allergic mediators in mast cells. J Biol Chem 268 16887-16890... 

Metallothionein expression is mainly regulated at the transcriptional level and is induced by various heavy metals, such as zinc. There are seven short sequence motifs located in a region within 200 base pairs upstream of the transcription start site. These cis-acting DNA elements are responsible for heavy metal induction and are thus termed metal responsive elements (MREs) (Stuart et al., 1984). Several regulatory proteins have been cloned which interact with these MREs. One of these, MRE-binding transcription factor-1 (MTF-1), is essential for the transcriptional activation of metallothionein genes by heavy metals like zinc and cadmium (Radtke et al., 1993 Palmiter, 1994 Heuchel et al., 1994 Koiszumi et al., 1999). 

Leung, K.M.Y., J. Svavarsson, M. Crane, and D. Morritt. 2002. Influence of static and fluctuating salinity on cadmium uptake and metallothionein expression by the dogwhelk Nucella lapillus (L.). J. Exp. Biol. Ecol. 274 175-189. 

Kling, P.E. and P. Olsson. Involvement of differential metallothionein expression in free radical sensitivity of RTG-2 and CHSE-214 cells. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 28 1628-1637, 2000. 

Olsson, P.E., S.J. Hyllner, M. Zafarullah, T. Andersson and L. Gedamu. Differences in metallothionein expression in primary cultures of rainbow trout hepatocytes and the RTH-149 cell line. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1049 78-82, 1990. 

Dang, Z.C., G. Flik, B. Ducouret, C. Hogstrand, S.E. Wendelaar Bonga and R.A. Lock. Effects of copper on cortisol receptor and metallothionein expression in gills of Oncorhynchus my kiss. Aquat. Toxicol. 51 45-54, 2000. 

Monomethylmercury T-cell apoptosis Mammalian cells/segments affects metallothionein expression Mice cytotoxic effects immune dysfunction ... 

Kuo SM, Leavitt PS. Genistein increases metallothionein expression in human intestinal cells, Caco-2. Biochem Cell Biol 1999 77 79-88. 

Shnyder SD, Hayes AJ, Pringle J and Archer CW. P-glycoprotein and metallothionein expression and resistance to chemotherapy in osteosarcoma. Br J Cancer 1998 78 757-759. 

Metallothionein expression in certain tumour cells has been associated with resistance to anticancer drugs. Increased resistance to chlorambucil occurred in cultured cells with a high concentration of cytoplasmic metallothionein (Endresen et al. 1983). Metallothionein inhibited hydroxyl radicalgenerated DNA degradation (Abel and Ruiter 1989). Satoh et al. (1994) showed that pretreatment of tumour-bearing ICR nude mice with zinc salts increased metallothionein content, both in normal and tumour tissues, with a marked reduction in the antitumour activity of cisplatin, Ad-riamycin , and melphalan. Metallothionein null cells have increased sensitivity to anticancer drugs (Kondo et al. 1995). 

Koropatnick J, Cherian MG (1993) A mutant mouse (tx) with increased hepatic metallothionein stability and accumulation. Biochem J 296 443-449 Koropatnick J, Pearson J (1990) Zinc treatment, metallothionein expression, and resistance to cisplatin in mouse melanoma cells. Somat Cell Mol Genet 16 529-537... 

Laybourn PJ, Kadonaga JT (1991) Role of nucleosomal cores and histone HI in regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Science 254 238-245 Leibbrandt MEI, Koropatnick J (1994) Activation of human monocytes with lipopolysaccharide induces metallothionein expression and is diminished by zinc. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 124 72-81... 

Metallothionein is also induced by a variety of nonmetals, and exposure to these agents often can cause tesistance to anticancer drugs such as cisplatin (Basu and Lazo 1991). Expression of v mos can attenuate the glucocorticoid-induced metallothionein expression and cisplatin resistance. Transcriptional activation of c-Ha-ras oncogene expression in murine NIH 3T3 cells with dexamethasone produces an increase in metallothionein content and a decrease in cisplatin accumulation (Isonishi et al. 1991). The ability of dexamethasone to affect the sensitivity of cells to electrophilic antineoplastic agents could be of some clinical interest because of its frequent usage as an antiemetic. 

Basu A, Lazo JS (1991) Suppression of dexamethasone-induced metallothionein expression and cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) resistance by v-mos. Cancer Res 51 893-896... 

Lazo JS, Basu A (1991) Metallothionein expression and transient resistance to electrophilic antineoplastic drugs. Semin Cancer Biol 2 267-271 Lazo JS, Sebti SM (1989) Malignant cell resistance to bleomycin to bleoymycin-group antibiotics. In Kessel D (ed) Anticancer drug resistance. CRC, Boca Raton, pp 276-279... 

Mattern J, Volm M (1992) Increased resistance to doxorubicin in human non-small cell lung carcinomas with metallothionein expression. Int J Oncol 1 687-689 Murphy D, McGown AT, Crowther D, Mander A, Fox BW (1991) Metallothionein levels in ovarian tumours before and after chemotherapy. Br J Cancer 63 711-714... 

Tashiro-Itoh, T., Ichida, T. and Matsuda, Y. (1997). Metallothionein expression and concentration of copper and zinc are associated with tumar differentiation in hepatocellular carcinoma, Liver, 17, pp. 300-306. 

Kuo, T. T., Lo, S. K., Metallothionein expression in thymomas - A tumor marker for spindle and squamoid thymoma cells. Plenum Press Div Plenum Publishing Corp, New York 1997. 

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