Metallic Sn

Graphite could be used as a soft matrix which buffers volume expansion of Sn, at the same time, graphite could also offer accommodation for Li. Sn nanoparticles with particle size of 10 or 

Another strategy to enhance the cycling performance of nano-Sn as anode material for Li-ion battery is preparing M Sn alloys, where 

M is electrochemically inactive transition metal (M = Fe, Ni, Cu, and Co). M also provides a matrix that buffers volume changes occurring with the lithiation-delithiation processes, therefore the mechanical integrity between Sn nanoparticles and with current collector can be maintained. Both preparation of alloy nanopowders and thin films are popular strategies. 

Fabrication of low dimensional SnOz, that is, nanorods/wires and nanotubes, is one such approach to circumvent this problem. SnOz NWs can be prepared on a Si substrate via thermal evaporation method combined with self-catalyzed procedure, the as-prepared 

Another direction is to improve the electron conductivity of Sn02 by preparing Sn02-C composites in most occasions. Various approaches were used for preparation of Sn02-C composites, such as hydrol is method, hydrothermal method and oxidation of Sn02 precursor in a supercritical C02-methanol mixture containing CNTs.  

---

An example of a spectrum with a chemical shift is that of the tin 3d peaks in Eig. 2.8. A thin layer of oxide on the metallic tin surface enables photoelectrons from both the underlying metal and the oxide to appear together. Resolution of the doublet 3 ds/2, 3 dii2 into the components from the metal (Sn ) and from the oxide Sn " is shown in Eig. 2.8 B. The shift in this instance is 1.6-1.7 eV. Curve resolution is an operation that can be performed routinely by data processing systems associated with photoelectron spectrometers. 

Low melting metals (Sn and also Bi, In, Pb, and Cd) are extensively used as solvents in calorimetric studies of metallic phases [35]. Transition metals do not, however, dissolve readily in tin [43] and other solvents such as Cu and A1 have been used. An experimental probe for high-temperature solution calorimetry is shown in Figure 10.8. 

Babbitt metal Sn, 89 Sb, 7.3 Cu, 3.7 Hard readily polished Bearings... 

Although many alkali and alkaline earth stannate complexes have been structurally characterized, there are only a few reports of stannyl compounds containing true metal-Sn... 

Reactions of (CO)3MSnR3 (M = Mn, R = Me, Ph M = Re, R = Me) with liquid sulfur dioxide resulted in the formation of various products with insertions into the Sn—C bonds as well as the Sn—M bond339,340. This type of chemistry exemplifies the relatively reactive nature of the Sn—C bond compared to the metal-Sn bond, vide supra. In (CO)5MnSnMe3 only the Mn—Sn bond reacts, but (CO)5ReSnMe3 undergoes insertion into one Sn—C bond Ph2Sn[Mn(CO)5]2 incorporates three equivalents of S02 inserting into the Mn—Sn bond and two Sn—C bonds, whereas under the same conditions the... 

Tin and lead have been known since ancient times. Cassiterite, Sn02, was mined in Britain and transported by sea to the Mediterranean area where copper was available. After reducing the Sn02 with charcoal to produce tin, the tin was alloyed with copper to make bronze as early as about 2500 BC. Consequently, tools and weapons made of bronze figured prominently in the period known as the Bronze Age (about 2500 to 1500 BC). At an early time, lead was found as native lead or as galena, PbS, that could be converted to the oxide by roasting the sulfide in air followed by reduction with carbon. As a result, tin and lead are among the elements known for many centuries. Of course, the reason that the metals Sn, Cu, Au,... 

Stannous Fluoride or Tin Fluoride, SnF2, mw 156.72, wh crysts, mp 210—215° bp— decompd in air to SnOF2 si sol in w slowly hydrolyzes. Can be prepd by the dissolution of stannous oxide in aq HF or by dissolving metallic Sn in anhyd or aq HF (Refs 1 3). Used in toothpaste as fluoride source Refs 1) Gmelin-Kraut Syst Number 46,... 

The electrodeposition of tin, Sn, has been reported in both basic and acidic EMICI-AICI3 ionic liquid [26]. A divalent tin species, Sn(II), can be introduced by the anodic dissolution of metallic tin. The introduction of a tetravalent tin species, Sn(lV), is also possible by dissolving tin tetrachloride, SnCL,. However, the evaporation of SnCl4 occurs in the case of an acidic ionic liquid. The irreversible reduction of Sn(IV) to Sn(II) occurs at around 0.91 and —0.9 V in the acidic and basic ionic liquids, respectively. The electrodeposition of metallic Sn is possible by the reduction of Sn(II) ... 

Although the early attempts to reduce indole to indoline with metals (Sn and Zn) and mineral acid e.g. hydrochloric acid) invariably led to polymerization, Dolby and Cribble found that 85% phosphoric acid is a suitable medium in combination with Zn for a successful indole to indoline reduction (69%). However, the reactions of 2,3-dimethylindole and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazole with Z11/H3PO4 give much lower yields of reduction product. ... 

This is a very general rule and there are many exceptions—the enolates of some metals (Sn(ll), Zr, Ti) give syn aldols regardless of enolate geometry. Some related reactions are discussed in Chapter 47. 

However, in the absence of TMED or bipy, the products of this reaction are Ph4Sn (in 75-98% yield) and metallic Sn ... 

It is well known that the product distribution also depends on the electrode material used [13, 14]. We have examined the effect of various electrode materials on the product distribution in the CO -methanol system. The current efficiencies of the reduction products are shown in Figure 6. The production of formate was fairly favorable at all electrodes, in comparison with that in aqueous systems. For example, the production of formate was more than 20% on Pt and Ni electrodes, which is much higher than that observed in aqueous systems [14]. At the metals Sn and Sb, formate production was favoured, as in the aqueous systems, but CO formation was also somewhat favored. This is due to the effect of supporting electrolyte. The electrodes Ag, Zn and Pd showed similar activities for CO production, as in aqueous systems. The efficiency of hydrocarbon formation at the Cu electrode was found to be lower, whereas that at the Ni electrode was found to be higher than that in aqueous systems. The balance of hydrogen and carbon atom concentrations on the electrode surface may explain this difference. 

In the previous section we have discussed several cases in which bimetallic bonding increases the overall reactivity of a system towards sulphur. If the opposite occurs, such a phenomenon could be useful for the prevention of sulphur poisoning. In practical terms, the idea is to find bimetallic systems that have a good catalytic activity and are less sensitive to the presence of sulphur-containing molecules in the feedstream than pure metals. Sn/Pt and Pd/Rh satisfy these requirements [26-29]. 

---