Solutions high temperature

Conditions for hydrolysis experiments were selected to simulate harsh reservoir environments. Moderately alkaline (pH 8.5) solutions, high temperatures, and long reaction times up to 120 days were used. The pH of the solutions remained at 8.5 or slightly higher, ensuring that all anionic groups were fully ionized. 

The high-cost of materials and efficiency limitations that chemical fuel cells currently have is a topic of primaiy concern. For a fuel cell to be effective, strong acidic or alkaline solutions, high temperatures and pressures are needed. Most fuel cells use platinum as catalyst, which is expensive, limited in availability, and easily poisoned by carbon monoxide (CO), a by-product of many hydrogen production reactions in the fuel cell anode chamber. In proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells, the type of fuel used dictates the appropriate type of catalyst needed. Within this context, tolerance to CO is an important issue. It has been shown that the PEM fuel cell performance drops significantly with a CO con-... 

Emulsions are extracted with pentane or hexane, which separates the emulsion and, after concentrating the solution, high-temperature GC is used to identify oil and wax. The residue from the organic extraction is dried and extracted with hot water to dissolve oxidizer(s). Testing of the water extract by spot tests or IC identifies ammonium, potassium, nitrate, and perchlorate ions when potassium perchlorate is used for increased sensitivity. Identification of the emulsifying system has potential for further characterization of emulsions. The residue from the water extract is primarily aluminum... 

Case, B. and Bignold, G. J., The Mercuiy/Mercuric Oxide Electrode in High Temperature Alkaline Solutions," High Temperature, High Pressure Electrochemistry in Aqueous Solutions, NACE, Houston, TX, 1976, pp. 334-340. 

Typical Applications Asphalt, high electrolyte solutions, high temperature detergents, textiles, toilet block products, emulsion polymerization. 

Nickel alloys Caustic alkaline solutions high-temperature chloride solutions high-purity steam hydrofluoric acid acid fluoride solutions... 

H. Yokokawa, N. Sakai, T. Horita, K. Yamaji, Y.-P. Xiong, Thermodynamic Correlation Among Defects in Ceria-Zirconia Solid Solutions, High Temperature Materials A Symposium in Honor of the 65th Birthday of Professor Wayne L. Worell, The Electrochemical Soc. Inc., PV 2002-5,p.26-37, (2002)... 

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