Metal oxide surfaces, immobilized poly

Pluronics, diblock copolymers consisting of poly(propylene oxide) flanked by two poly(ethylene oxide) chains, are commonly used to immobilize PEG on hydrophobic surfaces. However, Pluronics F-108 and F-68 were found not to adsorb onto any of the metal oxide surfaces investigated here and, as a result, did not show any protein-adsorption-suppressing properties. 

With the application of protein microarrays in mind, Spencer and coworkers immobilized poly(lysine) with grafted PEG side chains on various metal or semiconductor oxide surfaces via electrostatic adsorption [200], Part of the PEG side chain was functionalized with biotin at the distal end. Streptavidin was bound to the surface-tethered biotin in a subsequent step, and the remaining unoccupied binding pockets of streptavidin were then used to immobilize biotinylated capture antibodies. As an example of an immunoassay, biotinylated goat anti-rabbit IgG was immobilized, which then specifically bound rabbit IgG. 

Among the various techniques for the immobilization of PEG on surfaces, - - graft copolymers of poly(L-ly sine) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PLL- -PEG) are particularly attractive. PLL- -PEG copolymers spontaneously adsorb from aqueous solutions as dense, monomolecular layers onto a rangeofnegatively charged surfaces such as various metal oxides and tissue-culture polystyrene, protecting them against nonspecific protein adsorption moreover,... 

There has been only one report describing SI-NMP from a metal oxide other than those of titanium and iron, namely from a copper oxide surface [44]. In this study, poly(ionic liquid) was grafted onto micro/nanoscale CuO/Cu surfaces by bimolecular-initiated polymerization with TEMPO nitroxide. For this purpose, the peroxide groups were first introduced onto micro/nanoscale CuO surfaces by reaction of 3-chloropropyltrimethoxysilane (immobilized on the CuO surface) with... 

Avseenko et al. (2001) immobilized antigens onto aluminum-coated Mylar films by electrospray (ES) deposition. Various surface modifications of the metallized films were studied to determine their abilities to enhance sensitivity. The plastic surfaces were firsf cleaned by plasma discharge treatment, followed by coating with proteins (BSA and casein) or polymers such as poly (methyl methacrylate) or oxidized dextran, or they were exposed to dichlorodimethyl silane to create hydrophobic surfaces. Protein antigen was prepared in 10-fold excess sucrose and sprayed onto the surfaces to form arrays with spot diameters between 7 and 15 pm containing 1 to 4 pg protein. 

Transition metal complexes can be immobilized on organic polymers such as polystyrene-divinylbenzene, polypropylene, poly (vinyl chloride), etc., as well as on the surface of inorganic oxides such as silica, y-Al203, glass, and molecular sieves (cf. Section 3.1.1.3). The metal complexes are attached to the supports via phosphine (-PR2), amine (-NR2) or other groups (-SH, -CN) linked to organic or inorganic support, e. g. Structures 1 and 2, where M = Pt, Rh, Pd, Ru, or Ni. 

Sohd electrodes modified with various compounds have been used to improve DNA oxidation response. Siontorou and coworkers [264] obtained peaks A° and of degraded DNA at GCE modified with self-assembled bdayer hpid membrane. Using GCE modified with Nafion-ruthenimn oxide pyrochlore, enhancement of oxidation peaks of both peaks, G° and A°, was achieved [145]. Thorp s group investigated DNA oxidation response at GC and indium-tin oxide (ITO) electrodes modified with self-assembled dicarboxylate monolayers [265], and with nitrocellulose and nylon membranes [266]. In these experiments, DNA was attached to the electrode either covalently or via adsorption forces in the modifier layer bare ITO surface did not adsorb DNA. Oxidation of DNA was mediated by a redox metal chelate [Ru(bipy)3], which shuttled electrons to the electrode surface from DNA in solution or attached at the modifier film [265, 266]. Electro-catalytic oxidation of DNA was observed also when a redox mediator was immobilized on the electrode surface, for example, on ITO modified with electropolymerized poly[Ru(bipy)3] film [146]. 

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