Sucrose, excess

Restrict Galactose (and lactose), fructose (and sucrose), excessive fat Supplement Carbohydrate (uncooked cornstarch)... 

Hydrolysis by acids. Sucrose is readily hydrolysed by dilute acids. Dissolve 0 5 g. of sucrose in 5 ml. of water, add 2 ml. of dil. H2SO4 and heat in a boiling water-bath for 5 minutes. Cool and show that the solution has reducing properties, and will form glucosazone. Note that the excess of acid must be neutralised before carrying out the reduction tests. 

Hydrolysis by acids. Place 15 ml. of starch solution in a boiling-tube, add I ml. of cone. HCl, mix well and place in a boiling water-bath for 20 minutes. Cool and add 2 drops of iodine solution to i ml. of the solution no blue coloration is produced. On the remainder, perform tests for glucose in particular show that glucosazone can be formed. Neutralise the excess of acid before carrying out these tests. (Note that a more concentrated acid is required to hydrolyse starch than to hydrolyse the disaccharides, such as sucrose.)... 

The rising incidence of obesity has not paralleled sucrose consumption. The FDA Task Force concluded that sugars have no unique role in obesity and that dietary fat rather than carbohydrate is a significant contributor to this condition (62,67,68). However, sugar can promote weight gain in individuals with life-styles marked by excess caloric intake and insufficient exercise. 

Ofner Method. This method is for the determination of invert sugar in products with up to 10% invert in the presence of sucrose and is a copper-reduction method that uses Ofner s solution instead of Fehling s. The reduced cuprous oxide is treated with excess standardized iodine, which is black-titrated with thiosulfate using starch indicator. 

Two-step synthesis of sugar-containing polyesters by lipase CA catalyst was reported (Scheme 13)." Lipase CA catalyzed the condensation of sucrose with an excess of divinyl adipate to produce sucrose 6,6 -O-divinyl adipate, which was reacted with a,oo-alkylene diols by the same catalyst, yielding polyesters containing a sucrose unit in the main chain. This method conveniently affords... 

So much for the theory, in practice this approach led to a significant reduction in the starch yield rather than the expected increase.25 Measurements of the intermediates revealed that at the first approximation the approach was working as intended there was in excess of a 90% reduction in the sucrose content, while the hexose phosphate levels increased by a factor of 7. However, detailed measurements of both starch levels in developing tubers and density measurements on tubers following large scale greenhouse trials confirmed that there was in fact a 30% reduction in the yield of starch. 

The role of supporting electrolyte in adsorption processes is sometimes unclear. The adsorption of mannitol and sucrose on the Hg electrode from NaF and NaCl solutions shows that CT ions exert small, though observable, effects on the differential capacity curves (the saturation coverage and surface excess are slightly different in both solutions). Unexpectedly, at low surface excess of sucrose, the adsorption of sucrose is greater in the NaCl than in the NaF solution. At high surface excesses, the opposite situation is observed. 

The applicability of cITP-NMR for the analysis of trace impurities was demonstrated by the selective detection of 1.9 nmol of atenolol injected in a sample containing a 1000-fold excess of sucrose [100]. cITP-NMR has also been used for the analysis of a cationic neurotoxin present in a homogenate of the hypo-branchial gland of the marine snail Calliostoma canaliculatum [109]. Korir et al. [110] used an anionic cITP separation with online NMR detection to separate and identify nanomole quantities of heparin oligosaccharides. Although only a few cITP-NMR applications have appeared, the ability to selectively separate, concentrate, and detect charged analytes makes cITP-NMR a potentially powerful method for trace analysis. 

Avseenko et al. (2001) immobilized antigens onto aluminum-coated Mylar films by electrospray (ES) deposition. Various surface modifications of the metallized films were studied to determine their abilities to enhance sensitivity. The plastic surfaces were firsf cleaned by plasma discharge treatment, followed by coating with proteins (BSA and casein) or polymers such as poly (methyl methacrylate) or oxidized dextran, or they were exposed to dichlorodimethyl silane to create hydrophobic surfaces. Protein antigen was prepared in 10-fold excess sucrose and sprayed onto the surfaces to form arrays with spot diameters between 7 and 15 pm containing 1 to 4 pg protein. 

The ready condensation of sucrose with excess triphenylmethyl chloride in pyridine to a tri-trityl ether is, however, more easily explained by XV or II, which have three, instead of two (c/. I), primary alcohol groups to react selectively in the condensation. Fleury and Courtois oxidized sucrose for twenty-four hours at 14° with an excess of suitably buffered periodic acid and found that three moles of the oxidant were consumed and one mole of formic acid was eliminated. This highly selective oxidant is known to cleave unsubstituted 1,2 glycols quantitatively to two carbonyl groups and to eliminate the center carbon atom... 

Other sugars and polyols also complex with iron. Fructose is the most effective, but sorbitol, glucose, galactose, lactose, sucrose, pentoses and tetroses can also keep hydrolyzed ferric salts in solution. An excess of sugar must always be present in order to prevent ferric hydroxide precipitate. There appears to be a competition between the OH- and sugar hydroxyls for the Fe3+. 

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