Metal halide vapor

Bauer, S. H., and Porter, R. F., "Metal Halide Vapors in Molten Salt Chemistry, M. Blander, Ed., Interscience Publishers, New York,... 

Vibrational Spectroscopy of High Temperature Metal-Halide Vapor Complexes... 

In the 1940 s a CVD process using a flame to produce homogeneously nucleated (powder) oxides of titanium, zirconium, iron, aluminum, and silicon was reported. A mixture of metal halide vapor and oxygen is injected through the central nozzle of a burner, with fuel gas and supplemental oxygen provided through two concentric outer rings. At 950°C to 1100 C flame temperature, the metal halide vapor decomposes to form very fine oxide powders. 

Papatheodorou GN (1982) Spectroscopy, structure and bonding of metal halide vapor complexes. In E Kaldis (ed) Current topics in material sciences, vol 10. North Holland Amsterdam, chap 4, p 250... 

The study of gaseous metal halide complexes is of fundamental interest for the chemistry of coordination compounds. In addition, gaseous metal halide species are of practical importance for material science and technical applications. These practical aspects are reported briefly in the recent review by Schafer [425] and in detail in the book by Hastie [428]. The potential of enhanced vapor phase material transport is for example an important practical aspect and has been described in the monograph by Schafer [437]. It is of interest for metal halide lamps, chemical vapor deposition, and metallurgical processes. The practical significance of complexation for metal halide lamps and the experimental methods used in addition to Knudsen effusion mass spectrometry for the study of metal halide vapors are reported in the recent review article by Hilpert [438]. 

Bauer SH, Porter RF (1964) Metal halide vapors. Structures and thermochemistry. In Blander M (ed) Molten salt chemistry. Interscience, New York, pp 607-626... 

The systematics of high-temperature metal halide vapors and vapor complexes have earlier been summarized in a number of review articles or monographs. Worth mentioning are the books by Schafer (1964), Margrave (1967) and Hastie (1975) and a number of proceedings volumes, such as those edited by Hildenbrand and Cubicciotti (1978) and Hastie (1979). Schafer (1976, 1983) reviewed the thermodynamics of metal chloride vapor complexes. Papatheodorou (1982) and Brooker and Papatheodorou (1983) gave an extensive account on the electronic, vibrational, thermodynamic and structural properties of transition and rare-earth metal halide vapor complexes. Finally, Hilpert (1989, 1990)... 

Finally, the crystal structure of the rare-earth trihalides and the coordination of the rare-earth ion in the crystal lattice represents substantial interest and it will be addressed, since it has been argued (Papatheodorou 1982) that the coordination of the metal atom in a series of transition and rare-earth metal halide vapor complexes is most probably preserved on going from the solid halide to the vapor complex molecule. In each group... 

Hilpert (1989, 1990) has given extensive descriptions of the instrumentation involved in Knudsen effusion mass spectrometric investigations of high-temperature metal halide vapor complexes and has presented also the principles involved for identifying gaseous species and determining partial pressures and thermodynamic quantities. The reader should refer to the above articles and references cited therein in order to address descriptions of instrumental aspects and of particular types of Knudsen cells. 

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