Metabolism of carbohydrates

Corticosteroids exhibit a wide range of physiological effects One important func tion IS to assist m maintaining the proper electrolyte balance m body fluids They also play a vital regulatory role m the metabolism of carbohydrates and m mediating the alter gic response... 

This is the only function of maltase, but it is one that no other enzyme can perform. Many such digestive enzymes are required for the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. It has been estimated that without enzymes, it would take upward of 50 years to digest a meal. 

Mn2+ 15 mg 3 mg Metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids Beet greens, nuts, blueberries... 

Regulation of blood pressure Metabolism of carbohydrates and protein Metabolism of fat... 

The application of substrates isotopically labeled in specific positions makes it possible to follow the fate of individual atoms during the microbial degradation of xenobiotics. Under optimal conditions, both the kinetics of the degradation, and the formation of metabolites may be followed— ideally when samples of the labeled metabolites are available. Many of the classical studies on the microbial metabolism of carbohydrates, carboxylic acids, and amino acids used radioactive... 

OCPs paralyze the nerves of fish, which leads to disruptions in coordination and in the feeding reflex this in turn causes the fish to become emaciated. OCPs also disrupt the metabolizing of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids, and affect the reproductive cycle. All of these factors lead to many fish species weakening and dying out [6]. 

It is interesting to note that the dihydroxybenzoyl nucleus arises from chorismic acid which, in turn, is derived from erythrose phosphate and phosphoenol pyruvate, both of these substances being intermediates in the anaerobic metabolism of carbohydrate (74). Accordingly, the biogenesis of the catechol type ligand is independent of the presence of oxygen gas. 

In addition to these interconversions, the metabolism of fat and the metabolism of carbohydrate are inseparably related. This fact is most clearly demonstrated by the appearance of such abnormal products of fat oxidation as the so-called ketone bodies in the blood and urine whenever the supply of carbohydrate is deficient or in cases where the organism is unable to metabolize this foodstuff. Whether ketonuria results because the metabolism of fat must occur concomitantly with that of D-glucose (ketolysis), or whether the presence of D-glucose prevents any fat breakdown because it is preferentially oxidized (antiketogenesis) is still a moot question. 

The reaction of D-glucose with ethyl acetoacetate was originally studied with a view to obtaining experimental information which would be useful in the interpretation of the biological phenomena of antiketogenesis. It is accepted that some kind of correlation exists between the metabolism of carbohydrates and that of /3-ketonie compounds, but views as to its nature differ. The supporters of the ketolysis theory1 contend that the oxi-... 

Plant metabolism can be separated into primary pathways that are found in all cells and deal with manipulating a uniform group of basic compounds, and secondary pathways that occur in specialized cells and produce a wide variety of unique compounds. The primary pathways deal with the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids and act through the many-step reactions of glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, the pentose phosphate shunt, and lipid, protein, and nucleic acid biosynthesis. In contrast, the secondary metabolites (e.g., terpenes, alkaloids, phenylpropanoids, lignin, flavonoids, coumarins, and related compounds) are produced by the shikimic, malonic, and mevalonic acid pathways, and the methylerythritol phosphate pathway (Fig. 3.1). This chapter concentrates on the synthesis and metabolism of phenolic compounds and on how the activities of these pathways and the compounds produced affect product quality. 

The scientific work of Gottschalk falls into three, well-defined periods. His early work was mainly in the general area of the metabolism of carbohydrates and of biologically related compounds. Then, about 1947, he became involved in studies on the interaction between the influenza virion and the surface of the red cell, and this led him to his important work on sialic acid. During the last period, Gottschalk extended his interest to the general chemistry and biochemistry of glycoproteins. 

The phosphate esters and, to lesser extent, the sulphate esters of monosaccharides are very important naturally occurring derivatives. Metabolism of carbohydrates involves the formation and interconversion of a succession of monosaccharides and their phosphate esters of which glucose-1-phosphate and fruc-tose-6-phosphate are important examples. The sulphate esters of monosaccharides or their derivatives (usually esterified at carbon 6) are found in several polysaccharides, notably chondroitin sulphate, which is a constituent of connective tissues. 

Citric acid gives its name to citrus fruits (lemons, Umes, oranges), all of which contain high concentrations of this acid. Citric acid is also a principal player in the metabolism of carbohydrates and the generation of ATP, the energy currency of the cell. 

In the preceding chapter, I emphasized the importance of carbohydrates as sources of metabolic energy. I also introduced the idea of metabolic pathways. Now it is time to pull those two themes together and understand how the pathways for metabolism of carbohydrates yield useful metabolic energy and how these processes are controlled. On the way, we will learn how a number of important drugs for human medicine work their therapeutic magic. 

Pharmacology Thyroid hormones enhance oxygen consumption by most tissues of the body and increase the basal metabolic rate and metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins in the body. 

This is a type of aldol addition (known as biological aldol addition) and is one of the reaction in the metabolism of carbohydrates by the glycolic pathway. 

Mechanism of Action A polypeptide hormone that stimulates cartilaginous growth areas of long bones, increases the number and size of skeletal muscle cells, influences the size of organs, and increases RBC mass by stimulating erythropoietin. Influences the metabolism of carbohydrates (decreases insulin sensitivity), fats (mobilizes fatty acids), minerals (retains phosphorus, sodium, potassium by promotion of cell growth), and proteins (increases protein synthesis). Therapeutic Effect Stimulates growth. 

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disorder characterized by altered metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fats. Epidemiological survey conducted in several developing countries show that prevalence rates of diabetes mellitus vary from two to four percent in different population groups. Roughly two percent of the world population suffers from diabetes mellitus. 

Corticosteroids are synthesized in the adrenal cortex under the influence of ACTH. Glucocorticoids affect the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, calcium and electrolytes. 

It is a component of coenzyme A which is essential in the metabolism of carbohydrate, fat and protein. 

Metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins, anti-inflammatory, immunsuppressive... 

This chapter deals with the assays used for the diagnosis of three groups of inborn errors of metabolism of carbohydrates, i.e. ... 

Arias, I.M., Boyer, J.L., Chisari, F.V., Fausto, N., Schachter, D., Shafritz, D.A. (2001) The Liver Biology and Pathobiol-ogy, 4th edn, Lippincott, Williams Wilkins, Philadelphia. Advanced text includes chapters on the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins in the liver. 

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