Metabolic regulators

Shivering The process of metabolic regulation against cold by muscular action. 

Metabolic Regulation Is Achieved by Controlling the Activity of Enzymes... 

Figure 1.20). All of these reactions, many of which are at apparent crosspurposes in the cell, must be fine-tuned and integrated so that metabolism and life proceed harmoniously. The need for metabolic regulation is obvious. This metabolic regulation is achieved through controls on enzyme activity so that the rates of cellular reactions are appropriate to cellular requirements. 

Nearly all biological processes involve the specialized functions of one or more protein molecules. Proteins function to produce other proteins, control all aspects of cellular metabolism, regulate the movement of various molecular and ionic species across membranes, convert and store cellular energy, and carry out many other activities. Essentially all of the information required to initiate, conduct, and regulate each of these functions must be contained in... 

Metabolic regulation is achieved through an exquisitely balanced interplay among enzymes and small molecules, a process symbolized by the delicate balance of forces in this mobile. tSea Scape by Alexander Calder/Whitney Museum of American Art, NY)... 

INSULIN. Some protein hormones are synthesized in the form of inactive precursor molecules, from which the active hormone is derived by proteolysis. For instance, insulin, an important metabolic regulator, is generated by proteolytic excision of a specific peptide from proinsulin (Figure 15.3). 

Metabolic Regulation Favors Different Pathways for Oppositely Directed Metabolic Sequences... 

Metabolic regulation is achieved via regulating enzyme activity in three prominent ways allosteric regulation, covalent modi-... 

Ahima RS, Qi Y, Singhal NS et al (2006) Brain adipocytokine action and metabolic regulation. Diabetes 55 S145—S154... 

Use calcium metabolism regulator (treatment of Paget s disease, hypercalcemia of malignancy)... 

Frayn KN Metabolic Regulation—A Human Perspective. Portland Press, 1996. 

From a genetical point of view, Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an ideal organism which may be considered the Escherichia coli of eukaryotic cells [4,5]. This is true in particular for the study of metabolic regulation and for that of membrane transport [6]. Finally, the astonishing resemblance between many yeast proteins and certain mammalian-cell proteins has seriously broadened the scope of interest. Although a few reports have appeared on amino acid transport in some other yeasts, most investigations in this field have used strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 

Ziegler, D.M. (1985). Role of reversible oxidation-reduction of enzyme thiol-disulphides in metabolic regulation. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 54, 305-329. 

Transport devices, e.g. for ions, oxygen, and lipids Metabolic regulators, including hormones. 

Nothing seems to be known as yet of the metabolic regulation of enzymes of poly(3HB) producing bacteria that catalyze the last step of the poly(3HB) cycle, i. e., the activation of acetoacetate (Fig. 1, steps 9,10). Since both enzymes are involved in a catabolic sequence, it may be speculated that they are inhibited, for... 

HEINRICH, R., RAPOPORT, S.M., RAPOPORT, T.A., Metabolic regulation and mathematical models, Progr. Biophys. Mol. Biol., 1977,32,1-82. 

PXR CAR FXR LXR AhR 3A4 and others 2B, 2C, 3A4 7A 7A 1A1, 1A2, 1A6, 1B1, 2S1 Xenobiotic metabolism regulation, antioxidant Xenobiotic metabolism regulation Bile add metabolism and transport Reverse cholesterol transport and absorption Reproduction and development regulation... 

PPARa GR HNF4a 4A 2B6, 2C9, 3A4, 3A5 2A6, 2B6, 2C9, 2D6, 3 A, 7A1 Fatty add metabolism regulation I m munore sponse regulation Carbohydrate, lipid, protein and... 

VDR RXRs 24A1 xenobiotic metabolism regulation Mineral metabolism and bone growth Heterodimerization partners for multiple NRs... 

Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and liver X receptors (LXRs) belong to the same NR family as PXR and CAR. Their primary role lies in cholesterol and bile acid metabolism regulation. Like many NRs of this family, FXR heterodimerizes with RXR in vivo [46]. 

Microtubules may function as a form of skeletal support for microfilaments. Agents that increase intracellular cGMP favour the assembly of microtubules, whereas those that increase intracellular Ca2+ and cAMP result in the dissolution of tubulin fibres. Furthermore, the oxidation state of the neutrophil may affect the integrity of the tubulin fibres. Oxidised glutathione (which is increased during oxidative metabolism) regulates tubulin disassembly, and oxidation may increase tubulin tyrosylation, which also promotes disassembly. 

Based on the accessibility of high-quality experimental information, we now focus on aspects of model interrogation and analysis. The question how cells actually control and distribute their flux under different conditions requires a mathematical and formal approach to metabolic regulation. The knowledge obtained by quantitative experiments must be, in the sense of Section II.B, encoded into a mathematical system, scrutinized utilizing the tools of formal analysis, and eventually decoded back into predictions about the natural system. 

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