Carbohydrate-regulating

Toth GB, Pavia H (2000) Water-borne cues induce chemical defense in a marine algaAscophyllum nodosum. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97 14418-14420 Uppalapaati SR, Fujita Y (2000) Carbohydrate regulation of attachment, encystment, and appres-sorium formation by Pythium porphyrae (Oomycota) zoospores on Porphyra yezoensis (Rhodophyta). J Phycol 36 359-366... 

The steroidal nature of adrenocortical hormones was established in 1937, when Reichstein synthesized desoxycorticosterone. Eventually it was clearly established that the adrenal cortex elaborated a number of hormones and that these compounds differed in their amount of inherent metabolic (glucocorticoid) and electrolyte regulating (mineralocorticoid) activity. The actions of these hormones extend to almost every cell in the body. In humans, hydrocortisone (cortisol) is the main carbohydrate-regulating steroid, and aldosterone is the main electrolyte-regulating steroid. 

J. Girard, P. Ferre, and F. Foufelle, Mechanisms by which carbohydrates regulate expression of genes for glycolytic and lipogenic enzymes, Annu Rev Nutr 17, 325-352 (1997). 

Recent studies have demonstrated that a given hormone may have multiple effects. For example, for over 20 years we have known that factors existed in the corpora cardiaca of cockroaches that affected the heartbeat rate and trehalose levels of the hemolymph. Only with the isolation-characterization of the two AKH/HTH factors from the corpora cardiaca of americana did we find that the heartbeat and carbohydrate regulations are performed by identical factors (6-8) Finally, we have found in my laboratory that the HTH of the... 

In general, the adrenocortical steroids (or adrenal corticosteroids) distinctly differ in their respective glucocorticoid activities i.e., carbohydrate-regulating), and mineralocorticoid activities (i.e., electrolyte-regulating). It has been observed that in human beings the following two compounds occur commonly ... 

Jana, S., Shekhawat, G.S., 2011. Plant growth regulators, adenine sulfate and carbohydrates regulate organogenesis and in vitro flowering of Anethum graveolens. Acta Physiol. Plant. 33, 305-311. 

Potassium [7440-09-7] K, is the third, element ia the aLkaU metal series. The name designation for the element is derived from potash, a potassium mineral the symbol from the German name kalium, which comes from the Arabic qili, a plant. The ashes of these plants al qili) were the historical source of potash for preparing fertilisers (qv) or gun powder. Potassium ions, essential to plants and animals, play a key role in carbohydrate metaboHsm in plants. In animals, potassium ions promote glycolysis, Hpolysis, tissue respiration, and the synthesis of proteins (qv) and acetylcholine. Potassium ions are also beheved to function in regulating blood pressure. 

Storage and utilization of tissue glycogen, maintenance of blood glucose concentration, and other aspects of carbohydrate metabolism are meticulously regulated by hormones, including insulin, glucagon, epinephrine, and the glucocorticoids. 

It was known as early as 1927 that the adrenal glands of mammalian species secrete a series of substances essential to the survival of the individual. The hormonal nature of these secretions was suggested by the observation that extracts of the adrenal gland and more specifically of the outer portion of that organ (cortex) would ensure survival of animals whose adrenals had been excised. By 1943 no fewer than 28 steroids had been isolated from adrenal cortical extracts. These compounds were found to be involved in the regulation of such diverse and basic processes as electrolyte balance, carbohydrate metabolism, and resistance to trauma, to name only a few. 

Regulation of blood pressure Metabolism of carbohydrates and protein Metabolism of fat... 

Ghanges in the availability of substrates are responsible for most changes in metabolism either directly or indirectly acting via changes in hormone secretion. Three mechanisms are responsible for regulating the activity of enzymes in carbohydrate metabolism (1) changes in the rate of enzyme synthesis, (2) covalent modification by reversible phosphorylation, and (3) allosteric effects. 

The phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of seryl, threonyl, and tyrosyl residues regulate the activity of certain enzymes of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism and the properties of proteins that participate in signal transduction cascades. 

In addition to fiber and carbohydrate content, protein intake from legumes may have weight-loss benefits for obese individuals just because proteins enhance post-meal satiety (Rolls, 1995). However, a possible specific role for phytoestrogens in obesity has been postulated through the modulation of the satiety response, a neuroendocrine mechanism controlled by leptin (a hormone secreted by adipose tissue and already known to be regulated by... 

Rice bran is the richest natural source of B-complex vitamins. Considerable amounts of thiamin (Bl), riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), pantothenic acid (B5) and pyridoxin (B6) are available in rice bran (Table 17.1). Thiamin (Bl) is central to carbohydrate metabolism and kreb s cycle function. Niacin (B3) also plays a key role in carbohydrate metabolism for the synthesis of GTF (Glucose Tolerance Factor). As a pre-cursor to NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-oxidized form), it is an important metabolite concerned with intracellular energy production. It prevents the depletion of NAD in the pancreatic beta cells. It also promotes healthy cholesterol levels not only by decreasing LDL-C but also by improving HDL-C. It is the safest nutritional approach to normalizing cholesterol levels. Pyridoxine (B6) helps to regulate blood glucose levels, prevents peripheral neuropathy in diabetics and improves the immune function. 

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