Metabolic profile of urine

The study was performed employing GC-MS, using bis-trimethylsilyl-trifluor-oacetamide (BSTFA) as derivatization agent during sample preparation. The aim of the study was to compare the metabolic profiles of urine samples from patients with liver cancer (n = 20) and healthy volunteers (n = 20) and, subsequently, to develop a diagnostic model that would include selected metabolites of potential diagnostic significance in HCC [21]. 

Figure 3. Metabolic Profile of Urine (0-12 hour) After Dose 2...

Metabolic profiles of urine and fecal samples generated in ADME studies provide information about the extent of metabolism and routes of excretion for parent and metabolites. The excretion of radioactivity after administration of gemopatrilat to healthy human volunteers shows that the compound is excreted in both urine and feces with most of the radioactive dose excreted by 48 h postdose. Based on urinary excretion, at least 55% of the dose is absorbed when administered orally. Figure 9.4 shows the comparative urinary and fecal profiles of orally administered gemopatrilat in rat, dog, and human (Wait et ah, 2006). These types of data representations help understand the quantitative and qualitative differences in metabolism across species. As can be clearly seen in Fig. 9.4, the drug is extensively metabolized in all species. 

Mass balance and metabolic profiles of urine and fecal samples generated in ADME studies provide information about extent of metabolism and routes of... 

Connor SC, Wu W, Sweatman BC, et al. Effects of feeding and body weight loss on the IH-NMR-based urine metabolic profiles of male Wistar Han rats implications for biomarker discovery. Biomarkers 2004 9 156-79. 

Alme B, Bremmelgaard A, Siovall J, Thomassen P (1977) Analysis of metabolic profiles of bile acids in urine using a lipophilic anion exchanger and computerized gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Lipid Res 18 339-362... 

Mullen W, Edwards CA, Crozier A. 2006. Absorption, excretion and metabolic profiling of methyl-, glucuronyl-, glucosyl and sulpho-conjugates of quercetin in human plasma and urine after ingestion of onions. Brit J Nutr 96 107-116. 

Hong, Y-J, Mitchell E. 2005. Metabolic profiling of flavonol metabolites in human urine by liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. J Agric Food Chem 52 6794-6801. 

CSF, plasma, urine AD patients (n = 8), healthy subjects (n = 8) Metabolic profiling of amino acids and dipeptides HPLC-MS2 (87)... 

Determination of Metabolic Profiles in Urine of Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma... 

Gika, H.G. et al., Evaluation of the repeatability of ultra-performance liquid chromatog-raphy-TOF-MS for global metabolic profiling of human urine samples, J. Chromatogr. B Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci., 871(2), 299, 2008. 

Prakash, C., Shaffer, C., Tremaine, L., Liberman, R., Skipper, P., Flarakos, J., and Tannenbaum, S. (2007) Application of liquid chromatography-accelerator mass spectrometry (LC-AMS) to evaluate the metabolic profiles of a drug candidate in human urine and plasma. Drug Metab. Lett., 1 (3), 226-231. 

The presence of bile alcohols in human urine was first demonstrated in 1981 by Karlaganis et al. [78]. Studying metabolic profiles of bile acids in urine, they found a number of bile alcohols in the steroid glucuronide fraction. The major compound was identified as 27-nor-5 6-cholestane-3a,7a,12a,24,25-pentol [78]. Excretion of this Cjf, bile alcohol as the major bile alcohol in urine from healthy and diseased humans was confirmed by Karlaganis et al. [79] and by Ludwig-Kohn et al. [94]. The latter authors also identified 5)8-cholestane-3a,7a,12a,25,26-pentol in human urine [94]. 

Comparison of Metabolic Profiles In Urine. Llyer aml Kldfigj The metabolic profiles of liver and kidney were compared with that of urine. The comparison was done using the analysis of the extracts on two reverse phase HPLC systems. Based on the comparison of RRTs, It was evident that the metabolites found In liver and kidney were also found In the urine. 

In general, despite lower free fraetion, S-warfarin is more rapidly eliminated than its antipode in humans, and hepatic metabolism acconnts for almost all of the elimination of the drug [60]. Warfarin is metabolized to 6-hydroxywarfarin, 7-hydroxywarfarin, and two rednced derivatives, the diastereomers of warfarin alcohol [60]. The metabolism of R-warfarin involves oxidation to 6-hydroxywarfarin and subseqnent reduction to (R,S)-warfarin alcohol. In contrast, S-warfarin is oxidized to 7-hydroxywarfarin and reduced to (S,S)-warfarin alcohol. The metabolic profiles of warfarin enantiomers in blood and urine were similar [53,60]. The ring-hydroxylated metabolites are inactive, and the activity of warfarin alcohols are snb-stantially less than the parent molecule [53,60]. S-warfarin may also be metabolized to 6-hydroxywarfarin [60]. 

Wagner S, Scholz K, Sieber M, Kellert M, Voelkel W. Tools in metabonomics An integrated validation approach for LC-MS metabolic profiling of mercapturic acids in human urine. Anal Chem 2007 79 2918-2926. 

W., DeWitt, D., and Blaisdell, B. E. Automated Metabolic Profiling of Organic Acids in Human Urine. II. Analysis of Urine Samples from "Healthy Adults, Sick Children, and Children with Neuroblastoma... 

Emond P, Mavel S, Aidoud N, et al. GC-MS-based urine metabolic profiling of autism spectrum disorders. Arml Bioanal Chem. 2013 405 5291-5300. 

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