Metabolic in plants

In the interdisciplinary field of biophysics and biotechnology, the bioeffects of electric field have received considerable interest for both fundamental studies on these interaction mechanisms and potential application. However, the effects of pulsed electric field (PEF) on secondary metabolism in plant cell cultures and fermentation processes have been unknown. Therefore, it would be very interesting to find out whether PEF could be used as a new tool for stimulating secondary metabolism in plant cell cultures for potential application to the value-added plant-specific secondary metabolite production. Furthermore, if the PEF permeabilization and elicitation are discovered in a cell culture system, the combination of... 

MCCASKiLL D and CROTEAU R (1998) Some caveats for bioengineering terpenoid metabolism in plants . Trends Biotechnol 16, 349-55. 

Shang TQ, SL Doty, AM Wilson, WN Howald, MP Goprdon (2001) Trichloroethylene oxidative metabolism in plants the trichloroethanol pathway. Phytochemistry 58 1055-1065. 

N. Chishaki and T. Horiguchi, Re.sponses of secondary metabolism in plants to nutrient deficiency. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 43 981 (1997). 

Anilide herbicides are metabolized in plants via cleavage of acylamide moiety. 

Gerhard B (1993) Catabolism of fatty acid acids. In Moore TS (ed) Lipid metabolism in plants. CRS Press, Baton Rouge, p 527... 

FRET-based nanosensors have been successfully used to monitor steady state levels of metabolites, nutrients, and ions in mammalian cells [74, 87], Recently FRET-based glucose, sucrose, and amino acid nanosensors have been developed to study the metabolism of glucose, sucrose, and amino acid uptake and metabolism in plant cells [80,89, 91]. The enormous potential of these nanosensors will be crucial for understanding ion (e.g., calcium), metabolite (e.g., sugars), hormone (e.g., auxins, gibberellins etc.), and nutrient (e.g., nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus) requirements and homeostasis in living plant tissues. 

Heldt HW and Heldt F. 2005. A large diversity of isoprenoids has multiple functions in plant metabolism. In Plant Biochemistry, 3rd ed. San Diego, CA Elsevier Academic Press, pp. 413 134. 

COSSINS, E.A., CHEN, L., Folates and one-carbon metabolism in plants and fungi, Phytochemistry, 1997, 45, 437-452. 

Fujisawa T, Matoba Y, Katagi T (2009) Application of separated leaf cell suspension to xenobiotic metabolism in plant. J Agric Food Chem 57 6982-6989... 

Plant. Chlorpropham is rapidly metabolized in plants (Ashton and Monaco, 1991). Metabolites identified in soybean plants include isopropyl-7V-4-hydroxy-3-chlorophenylcarbamate, 1-hydroxy-2-propyl-3 -chlorocarbanilate, and isopropyl-7V-5-chloro-2-hydroxyphenylcarbamate. Isopropyl-TV-4-hydroxy-3-chlorophenylcarbamate was the only metabolite identified in cucumber plants (Humburg et al, 1989). 

Plant. Undergoes metabolism in plants to ethyl thiourea, ethylene thiuram disulfide, thiuram monosulfide, and sulfur (Hartley and Kidd, 1987). 

Steinwandter, H. Experiments on lindane metabolism in plants III. Formation of p-HCH, Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol, 20(4) 535-536, 1978. 

Isoprene metabolism in plants is very complex. Plants can synthesize many types of aromatic substances and volatile oils from isoprenoids. Examples include menthol (1= 2 ), camphor (1 = 2), and citronellal (1 = 2). These Cio compounds are also called monoterpenes. Similarly, compounds consisting of three isoprene units (1 = 3) are termed sesquiterpenes, and the steroids (1 = 6) are called triterpenes. 

Mahadevan reviewed research up to 1973, with respect to the pathways of oxime metabolism in plants, and evaluated a series of aliphatic and aromatic oximes that are precursors for the biosynthesis of plant secondary metabolites (as opposed to basic metabolism products that are essential for cell survival), such as cyanogenic glycosides, glucosinolates and certain phytohormones . Some of these oximes are shown below. 

Waller, G. R. Nowacki, E. K. "Alkaloid Biology and Metabolism in Plants" Plenum Press New York, 1978 294 pp. 

Little is known of the biological and chemical behavior of the fluorodichloromethyl derivatives. Rio-tolysis of dichlofluanid results in the formation of N,N-dimethyl-N -phenylsulphamide, phenyl isocyanate and isothiocyanates and dimethylamidosulfonyl chloride GC-MS analysis also indicates the presence of bis-(fluorodichloromethyl) disulfide and two ketones, the latter being artifacts arising from the solvent, acetone. Dichlofluanid metabolism in plants yields N,N-dimethyl-N -phenylsulphamide (1 6), but nothing is... 

Shimabukuro, R. H. Lamoureux, G. L. Frear, D. S. Pesticide Metabolism in Plants Reactions and Mechanisms, Proceedings of the US-India Seminar on Biodegradable Pesticides, April 16-19, 1979, Lucknow, India. 

Waller, G. R. and Dermer, O. C. 1981. Enzymology of alkaloid metabolism in plants. In The Biochemistry of Plants. A Comprehensive treatise. Vol. 7. Secondary Plant Products (Conn, E. E., ed.), pp. 317 02. London Academic Press. 

Luckner, M. 1972. Secondary Metabolism in Plants and Animals. London Chapman and Hall. 

Kurz, W. G. W. and Constabel, F. 1985. Aspects affecting biosynthesis and biotransformation of secondary metabolities in plant cell cultures. CRC Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 2(2) 105-118. 

Phillips, D.A., Flavonoids plant signals to soil microbes, in Phenolic Metabolism in Plants, Stafford, H.A. and Ibrahim, R.K., Eds., Plenum Press, New York, 1992, 201. 

Glutamine Synthetase. The enzyme glutamine synthetase is very important in the control of nitrogen metabolism in plants. It catalyses... 

Gershenzon, J. and Croteau, R. (1993). Terpenoid biosynthesis the basic pathway and formation of monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and diterpenes. In Lipid Metabolism in Plants, ed. T. S. Moore Jr, pp. 339-388. Boca Raton, FL CRC Press. 

The individual pathways of carbohydrate metabolism in plants overlap extensively they share pools of common intermediates, including hexose phosphates, pentose phosphates, and triose phosphates. Transporters in the membranes of chloroplasts, mitochondria, amyloplasts, and peroxisomes mediate the movement of sugar phosphates between organelles. The direction of metabolite flow through the pools changes from day to night. 

Isotopic distribution within an element will vary between living organisms depending on the biosynthetic pathways that lead to its formation. Furthermore, the rate at which a molecule crosses cellular membranes will depend on the molecule s isotopic distribution. Hence, detectable differences in isotopic composition can be observed in the products formed. Detection of adulterated vegetable oils, flavourings and fruit juices, as well as the study of metabolism in plants and numerous biomedical applications, use isotopic abundance as a tool. For example, the... 

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