Metabolic fine chemical

Apart from the chemical technology developments mentioned above, metabolic pathway and flux engineering will have an increasing impact on the way multi-step organic syntheses are carried out in the fine-chemicals industry. For the next generation of microbial conversions, the challenge of molecular biology is to ... 

The synthesis of lactames has interest for the production of chemicals and fine chemicals. In the case of more bulky lactames derived from cyclodedecanone-oxime and cyclooctanone-oxime, they are used for producing nylon-12 and for the preparation of the precursor of azacycloalkanediphosphonic derivates which have pharmaceutical interest for the treatment of Ca metabolism disorders, respectively. 

Generally, overproduction of antibiotics, vitamins, or fine chemicals constitutes a metabolic and energetic burden for the cell, and hence is frequently coimter-selected in production processes if not maintained by strong selective pressure [112]. However, even in the presence of marker gene-based selection pressure, a complex phenotype such as vitamin production maybe coimter-selected during moderately extended cultivation [122]. 

Jullesson, D., David, E, Pfleger, B., and Nielsen, J. (2015) Impact of synthetic biology and metabolic engineering on industrial production of fine chemicals. Biotechnol. Adv., 33, 1395—1402. 

Plant cells produce far more chemical compounds than is necessary for their basic functions i.e., biochemical pathways for survival and propagation. Basic or primary metabolism refers to all biochemical processes for the normal anabolic and catabolic pathways, which result in assimilation, respiration, transport, and differentiation. Basic or primary metabolism is shared by all cells, while secondary metabolism generates diverse and seemingly less essential or nonessential byproducts called secondary products. The secondary products are the colors, flavors, and smells, which are the sources of fine chemicals such as drugs, insecticides, dyes, flavors, and fragrances, and plant-growth regulators found in medicinal plants. 

Verpooite R, van der Heijden R, ten Hoopen HJG, Memelink J (1999) Metabolic engineering of plant secondary metabolic pathways for the production of fine chemicals. Biotechnol Lett 21 467 79... 

Fowler 21, Koffas MA (2010) Microbial biosynthesis of fine chemicals an emerging technology. In Smolke CD (ed) The metabolic pathway engineering handbook. CRC Press, Boca Ratrai... 

Cadaverine (diaminopentane, DAP), a carbon-5 aliphatic metabolite, is a minor member of the biogenic polyamine family. It owes its trivial name to its first discovery in 1885 during systematic investigation of the putrefaction process of human cadavers [52]. In contrast to DAB, there is no efficient petrochemical production route available, which for a long time hampered its industrial application in the polymer industry. However, several bio-based production processes have meanwhile been developed for DAP production from renewable resources [6, 12, 15-17, 53]. Only recently, Cathay introduced the fully biobased polyamide PA5.10 Terryl , which entered the market in 2015. While the proprietary production process relies on biocatalytic conversion of the rather high-priced fine-chemical lysine, other attempts aim at a fully novo biosynthesis with streamlined cell factories for the direct fermentative production of DAP from cheap conventional fermentation feedstock. For establishing a one-step fermentation process for DAP, the industrial lysine producers E. coli and C. glutamicum were therefore the ideal metabolic chassis. 

Murphy CD, Clark BR, Amadio J. Metabolism of fluoroor-ganic compounds in microorganisms impacts for the environment and the production of fine chemicals. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2009 84 617-629. 

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