Mercury in water

Kamman NC, Lorey PM, Driscoll CT, Estabrook R, Major A, Pientka B, Glassford E. 2003. Assessment of mercury in waters, sediments, and biota of New Hampshire and Vermont lakes, USA, sampled using a geographically randomized design. Environ Toxicol Chem 23 1172-1186. 

USEPA] US Environmental Protection Agency. 1996. Method 1631 mercury in water by oxidation, purge and trap, and cold vapor atomic fluorescence (C VAFS). Draft method EPA 821-R-96-012. 

Department of the Environment and National Water Council (UK) (1985) Mercury in waters, effluents, soils, and sediments, etc., additional methods. Pt 22-AG ENV. HMSO, London... 

Kannan, K., R.G. Smith Jr., R.F. Lee, H.L. Windom, PT. Heitmuller, J.M. Macauley, and J.K. Summers. 1998. Distribution of total mercury and methyl mercury in water, sediment, and fish from south Florida estuaries. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 34 109-118. 

Matida, Y. and H. Kumada. 1969. Distribution of mercury in water, bottom mud and aquatic organisms of Minamata Bay, the River Agano and other water bodies in Japan. Bull. Freshwater Fish. Res. Lab. (Tokyo) 19(2) 73-93. 

Jurka and Carter [50] have described an automated determination of down to O.lpg L 1 mercury in river sediment samples. This method is based on the automated procedure of El-Awady [51] for the determination of total mercury in waters and waste waters in which potassium persulphate and sulphuric acid were used to digest samples for analysis by the cold vapour technique. These workers proved that the use of potassium permanganate as an additional oxidizing agent was unnecessary. 

R02019 Method 1631, Revision E Mercury in Water by Oxidation, Purge and Trap, and Cold Vapor Atomic Eluorescence Spectrometry 821R96013 Method 1632 Determination of Inorganic Arsenic in Water by Hydride Generation Elame Atomic Absorption... 

Determination of Mercury in Water by Cold Vapor AA Spectrometry... 

This slide shows an example taken from an European standard for the analysis of mercury in water. For drinking water the standard states a reproducibility variation coefficient of 30% on a mercury concentration level of 0.8 pg/l. Provided that we can prove that we can perform as described in the standard our expanded measurement uncertainty (95% confidence) is estimated to 60%. 

Mercon is a patented liquid mercury vapor suppressant designed to stop and absorb mercury vapors. The chemical process used creates a mercuric salt or sulfide. The reagents react with the metal and absorb any ambient vapor. Mercon products have the ability to stop and absorb any methylation of mercury in water. 

S. Rio Segade and J. F. Tyson, Determination of methylmercury and inorganic mercury in water samples by slurry sampling cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry in a flow injection system after preconcentration on silica C18 modified, Talanta, 71(4), 2007, 1696-1702. 

L. Ping and P. K. Dasgupta, Determination of Total Mercury in Water and Urine by a Gold Film Sensor Following Fenton s Reagent Digestion, Anal. Chem. 1989,61, 1230. 

Methods for the Examination of Water and Associated Materials - Mercury in Waters, Effluents, Soils, Sediments, etc, Additional Methods 40453, HMSO, London, UK, 1987. 

US Environmental Protection Agency, Method 1631 Mercury in Water by Oxidation, Purge and Trap and Cold Vapor Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry, Office of Water Fact Sheet, EPA-821-F-98-008, [US Environmental Protection Agency, 1998d]. 

Hall, G.E., J.C. Pelchat, P. Pelchat, and J.E. Vaive. 2002. Sample collection, filtration and preservation protocols for the determination of total dissolved mercury in waters. Analyst 127 674-680. 

Plaschke, R., G. Dal Pont, and E.C.V. Butler. 1997. Mercury in waters of the Derwent estuary—sample treatment and analysis. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 34 177-185. 

Welz, B., D.L. Tsalev, and M. Sperling. 1992. On-line microwave sample pretreatment for the determination of mercury in water and urine by flow-injection cold-vapour atomic absorption spectrometry. Anal. Chim. Acta 261 91-103. 

Fernandez, C., A.C.L. Conceicao, R. Rial-Otero, C. Vaz, and J.L. Capelo. 2006. Sequential flow injection analysis system on-line coupled to high intensity focused ultrasound Green methodology for trace analysis applications as demonstrated for the determination of inorganic and total mercury in waters and urine by cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 78 2494-2499. 

D. Meigler, and M. Amorim. 1998. "Distribution and partition of total mercury in waters of the Tapaj6s river basin, Brazilian Amazon." Sci. Total Environ. 213 203-211. 

Rosson R. (1996) Luciferase operon-containing plasmid engineered for detecting mercury in water. US Patent Application 5571722. 

Zaroegar, P., Mushak, P. Quantitative measurements of inorganic mercury and organo-mercurials in water and biological media by gas-liquid chromatography. AnaL Chim. Acta 69, 389 (1974)... 

Figure 2 Fate and transport of mercury in water, soil, and sediments.

AOAC (AOAC 1984 Beckert et al. 1990 EPA 1994f, 1994g). This method is very sensitive for mercury in water (sub- to low-ppt) and has been proven to be reliable. Water samples generally do not require digestion, but mercury in the samples is usually reduced to the elemental state and preconcentrated prior to analysis. When combined... 

LeBihan A, Cabon JY. 1990. Determination of one nanogram per litre levels of mercury in water by electrothermal atomization atomic-absorption spectrometry after solvent extraction. Talanta 37(12) 1119-1122. 

Ping L, Dasgupta PK. 1989. Determination of total mercury in water and urine by a gold film sensor following Fenton s reagent digestion. Anal Chem 61(11) 1230-1235. 

Andrade, E.M., Molina, F.V., and Posadas, D.. Adhesion of colloidal hematite onto mercury in water-ethanol media, 7. Colloid Inteif. Sci., 215, 370, 1999. 

Fig. 7.3 Diagram of analyser for continuous monitoring of total mercury in water 1 and 1 , peristaltic pumps 2, 2 , 2" and 3, merging points 4, reaction-oxidation tube 4 , reduction-extraction tube 5, gas-liquid separator 6, condenser 7, UV flow-cell 8, UV spectrophotometer 9, recorder 10, mercury vapour absorber 11, water-bath (O C) A-E, sample, reductant, reagent, acid and oxidant stream, respectively. (Reproduced from [1] with permission of the Royal Society of Chemistry).

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