Membranes poly arylene

Sulfonated hydroquinone was used to prepare functional poly(arylene ether ketone)s, which may be used a gas separation membranes.202... 

Another concern for polystyrene- and some aromatic-based PEMs is hydrolysis of fhe sulfonic acid group from aromatic rings as well as hydrolytic cleavage of polymer backbone under fuel cell conditions for aromafic polymers including polyimides, poly(arylene ethers), poly(ether ketones), and poly(ether sulfones). It is well known that the sulfonation of aromafic rings is a reversible process especially at low pH and at elevated temperature (Scheme 3.3). The reversibility of sulfonation, for example, is used in fhe preparafion of trinitrotoluene or picric acid. Por the simplest membrane of the class of arylsulfonic acids (i.e., benzenesulfonic acid), fhe reacfion occurs upon freatment with a stream of superheated steam at 180°C.i ... 

Wang, R, Hickner, M., Kim, Y. S., Zawodzinski, T. A. and McGrath, J. E. 2002. Direct polymerization of sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) random (statistical) copolymers Candidates for new proton exchange membranes. Journal of... 

Figure 18 shows the temperature dependence of the proton conductivity of Nafion and one variety of a sulfonated poly(arylene ether ketone) (unpublished data from the laboratory of one of the authors). The transport properties of the two materials are typical for these classes of membrane materials, based on perfluorinated and hydrocarbon polymers. This is clear from a compilation of Do, Ch 20, and q data for a variety of membrane materials, including Dow membranes of different equivalent weights, Nafion/Si02 composites ° ° (including unpublished data from the laboratory of one of the authors), cross-linked poly ary lenes, and sulfonated poly-(phenoxyphosphazenes) (Figure 19). The data points all center around the curves for Nafion and S—PEK, indicating essentially universal transport behavior for the two classes of membrane materials (only for S—POP are the transport coefficients somewhat lower, suggesting a more reduced percolation in this particular material). This correlation is also true for the electro-osmotic drag coefficients 7 20 and Amcoh...

Because of the angled structure of poly(arylene ether sulfone)s, they generally do not crystallize. They are thus amorphous and optically transparent with glass transition temperatures between 150-200 °C. They are soluble in some polar solvents, hydrolysis resistant, and inherently flame resistant. Fields of application for these materials are found particularly in the area of electronics and membrane technology. 

The chemical modification of poly(arylene ether sulfone)s has already been described in numerous papers. They relate to sulfonation, fluorination, and halomethylation. These derivatives are particularly suitable for the preparation of hydrolysis- and temperature-resistant separation membranes. They are used already for sea water desalination, and also for the separation of gas mixtures. 

Polyarylenes, in particular different types of poly(arylene ether ketone)s, have been the focus of much hydrocarbon membrane research in recent years. - - With good chemical and mechanical stability under PEM fuel cell operating conditions, the wholly aromatic polymers are considered to be the most promising candidates for high-performance PEM fuel cell applications. Many different types of these polymers are readily available and with good process capability. Some of these membranes are commercially available, such as poly(arylene sulfone)s and poly(arylene... 

No structural information is available from the manufacturer, but these hydrocarbon membranes are believed to be a part of the poly(arylene ether) family. Hoku Scientific, Inc., reported 2,000-h test data operating with H2-air. ... 

Lee, H., Hong, H., Kim, Y-M., Choi, S., Hong, M., Lee, H., IQm, K. (2004). Preparation and evaluation of sulphonated-fluorinated poly(arylene ether)s membranes for a proton exchange membrane fule cell (PEMFC). Electrochimica Acta 49, 2315-2323. 

Novel approaches in PEM synthesis focusing on cheaper, usually fluorine-free PEMs and membranes capable of sustained fuel cell operation at elevated temperatures, have been reviewed in Ref. 75. Mature fuel cell membranes have been casted from sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) (BPSH) random (statistical) copolymers [76]. 

Kim, Y.S. Wang, F. Hickner, M. Zawodzinski, T.A. McGrath, J.E. Fabrication and characterization of heteropolyacid (H3PWi204o)/directly polymerized sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) copolymer composite membranes for higher temperature fuel cell applications. J. Membr. Sci. 2003, 212, 263. 

Mecham, J.B. (2001) Direct polymerization of snlfonated poly (arylene ether) random copolymers and poly(imide) sulfonated poly(arylene ether) segmented copolymers new candidates for proton exchange membrane fuel cell material systems. Ph.D. Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. 

Determined sulfonation level and processing method as key to the performance of new sulfonated poly (arylene ether sulfone) membranes (BPSH membranes). 

Y. Li, F. Wang, J. Yang, D. Liu, A. Roy, S. Case, J. Lesko, and J. E. McGrath. Synthesis and characterization of controlled molecular weight di-sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) copolymers and their applications to proton exchange membranes. Polymer, 47(11) 4210-4217, May 2006. 

Z. Wang, X. Li, C. Zhao, H. Ni, and H. Na. Synthesis and characterization of sulfonated poly(arylene ether ketone ketone sulfone) membranes for application in proton exchange membrane fuel cells. J. Power Sources, 160 (2) 969-976, October 2006. 

X. Zhang, S. Liu, L. Liu, and J. Yin. Partially sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone)-b-polybutadiene for proton exchange membrane. Polymer, 46(6) 1719-1723, February 2005. 

Y. S. Kim, L. Dong, M. A. Hickner, B. S. Pivovar, and J. E. McGrath. Processing induced morphological development in hydrated sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) copolymer membranes. Polymer, 44(19) 5729-5736, September 2003. 

HPAs/sulfonated poly(arylene ether nitrile ketone) (SPAENK) composite membranes can be prepared by solution casting of the acid form SPAENK with various contents of phosphotungstic acid. The transparency of the composite membranes and scanning electron microscope images indicate that the HEA particles are well dispersed within the polymer matrix. 

H. Zhang, J. h. Pang, D. Wang, A. Li, X. Li, and Z. Jiang. Sulfonated poly-(arylene ether nitrile ketone) and its composite with phosphotungstic acid as materials for proton exchange membranes. J. Membr. Set, 264(l-2) 56-64, November 2005. 

X. Y. Shang, D. Shu, S. J. Wang, M. Xiao, and Y. Z. Meng. Fluorene-con-taining sulfonated poly(arylene ether 1,3,4-oxadiazole) as proton-exchange membrane for pern fuel cell application. J. Membr. Set, 291(1-2) 140-147, March 2007. 

Sulfonated poly(arylene ether phosphine oxide)s with fluorenyl groups were synthesized to establish proton exchange membranes (Scheme 42). Triphenylphosphine oxide-based diamino (arylene ethers) were made available (Scheme 43) that were utilized in the synthesis of polyimides. ... 

Great improvements in the TFC membranes were also experienced by Chen et al. [56] by incorporating water-soluble amine reactants—sulfonated cardo poly(arylene ether sulfone) (SPES-NH2)—into an aqueous solution containing MPD. Under optimum preparation conditions, the TFC membranes prepared from SPES-NH2 showed remarkable increase in water permeability (51.2 L/m h) with a slight decrease in salt rejection (97.5% at 2000 ppm NaCl, 2 MPa) compared to membranes prepared without SPES-NH2 (37.4 L/m h and 99%). The improved results are attributed to the incorporation of hydrophilic SPES-NH2 to PAs and/or a higher degree of cross-linking formed in the thin selective layer. In view of the importance of hydrophilicity on TFC membrane performance, a novel amine monomer—3,5-diamino-A-(4-aminophenyl) benzamide (DABA)—with three amino... 

Chen, G., Li, S., Zhang, X., and Zhang, S. 2008. Novel thin-fihn composite membranes with improved water flux from sulfonated cardo poly(arylene ether sulfone) bearing pendant amino groups. Journal of Membrane Science 310 102—109. 

Y. Gao, G.P. Robertson, M.D. Guiver, S.D. Mikhailenko, X. Li, S. Kaliaguine, Synthesis of poly(arylene ether ether ketone ketone) copolymers containing pendant sulfonic acid groups bonded to naphthalene as proton exchange membrane materials. Macromolecules 2004, 37(18), 6748-6754. 

T. Na, K. Shao, J. Zhu, H. Sun, Z. Liu, C. Zhao, Z. Zhang, C.M. Lew, G. Zhang, Block sulfonated poly(arylene ether ketone) containing flexible side-chain groups for direct methanol fuel cells usage. Journal of Membrane Science 2012,417M-18(0), 61-68. 

H. Ghassemi, J.E. McGrath, T.A. Zawodzinski, Jr., Multiblock sulfonated-fluorinated poly(arylene ether)s for a proton exchange membrane fuel cell. Polymer 2006, 47(11), 4132-M139. 

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