Medicines Metronidazole

Nitroheterocycles, particularly nitrofurans and nitroimidazoles, are still widely used in veterinary medicine. The three imidazoles dimetridazole (32), metronidazole (33), and ronidazole (34) have broad spectrum activity and are used to treat swine dysentery and also enteric disease due to E. coli and Salmonella. Metronidazole (33) is also effective against ulcerative gingivitis in cattle. 

Important medicinal compounds are made in this way. The antiparasitic metronidazole comes from 2-methyl imidazole by nitration and alkylation with an epoxide in base. 

Inhibition of enteral coumarin absorption by adsorbents, e.g., antacids, medicinal charcoal Inhibition of hepatic coumarin metabolism, e.g., by cimetidine, metronidazole ... 

The microquantitative determination of some medicinal drugs such as metronidazole [927, 954-957], misonidazole [958], dimetridazole [959], and other nitroazoles [912] is carried out with the help of classical and differential pulse polarography. 

Special attention is paid to those nitroimidazole derivatives among which are medicines with a vividly expressed therapeutical activity (azomycine, metronidazole, ipronidazole, camidazole, dimetridazole, secnidazole, and many others) and to nitrotriazoles, nitrotetrazoles, and polynitroazoles used as high-energy compounds. 

Kusumi RK, Plouffe JF, and Wyatt RH (1980) Central nervous system toxicity associated with metronidazole therapy. Annals of Internal Medicine 93 59-60. 

An improvement of medical devices based on bacterial polymers by the encapsulation of different drugs, opens up the wide prospects in applications for these new devices with pharmacological activity in medicine. PHB polymer was used as a drug delivery matrix for sustaining the release of various drugs such as dipyridamole [DP], indomethacin and antibiotics (rifampicin, metronidazole, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin), anti-inflammatory drugs (flurbiprofen, dexamethasone, prednisolone), and antitumor drugs (paclitaxel) [132]. 

Antibiotic resistance is also not a stable character in most cases and is used mainly in medicine. Resistance to metronidazole may be of use, as only obligate... 

Similarly, several medicines or potential medicines have been made that contain imidazole. Structurally, the molecules can be vastly different and can affect very imique disease states. For example, metronidazole is an antibiotic effective against anaerobic bacteria, and it also acts as an anti-parasitic agent. It is a relatively simple functionalized imidazole. Cipralisant is a potent H3 receptor antagonist H3 antagonists are believed to have potential therapy to aid in sleep, cognition, food intake, and memory. ... 

ALLENDER M C, KASTURA M, GEORGE R, BULMAN F, YARBROUGH J and COX S (2011) Bio-encapsulation of metronidazole in adult brine shrimp (Artemia sp.). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 42(2) 241-246. 

The nitroimidazoles are antiprotozoal drugs, with antimicrobial activity. The main nitroimidazole used in human medicine is metronidazole, whereas in veterinary medicine it is dimetridazole. Ronidazole and ipronidazole have also been used. The chemical structure of these drugs is similar to that of the nitrofurans except the nitrofuran heterocyclic ring is replaced with that of the nitroimidazole ring. The chemical structures of the nitroimidazoles are shown in Figure 12.17. 

In veterinary medicine, the main uses of the nitroimidazole group is the treatment of trichomoniasis in cattle and histomoniasis in poultry, especially in turkeys and game birds. Ipronidazole and other nitroimidazoles are also effective in the treatment of swine dysentery caused by infection with the spirochaete Brachyspira hyodysenteriae. Metronidazole is used for a... 

Inhuman medicine, the most troublesome flagellate diseases of temperate climates is vaginal trichomoniasis, cured by the oral administration of metronidazole (6.79) ( Flagyl ), which is free from side-effects (Keighley, 1962). By its inhibition of hydrogen production by Trichomonas vaginalisy metronidazole was shown to interfere with a ferredoxin system of Eo about -400 mV (Edwards, Dye and Came, 1973 O Brien and Morris, 1972). See also nitrofurazone in Section 4.0 (p. 120). 

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