Medical administration

Drug and Health Care Information Sources on the World Wide Web—The inside back cover provides a listing of websites dealing with pharmacology and medication administration. The student can use these sites as valuable resources to identify new dm and important new information on current dm. ... 

Optimal medication administration time for the patient s lifestyle and other concurrent medications... 

Select appropriate medication administration techniques for an enteral nutrition (EN) patient. 

If a liquid dosage form of a medication exists, it would seem rational to use this dosage form for administration through a feeding tube. Although such a decision may decrease the potential for tube clogging, it may in some instances decrease tolerability of the medication administration. Sorbitol is an excipient found in many liquid medications in amounts sufficient to cause diarrhea. If diarrhea secondary to sorbitol in a liquid medication is suspected in a patient on EN, contact with the manufacturer to ascertain sorbitol content may be necessary. 

The location of the tip of the feeding tube is important when considering medication administration down a feeding tube. This is particularly true if the medication acts locally in the GI tract itself. For example, sucralfate and antacids act locally in the stomach. Therefore, administration of these medications through a duodenal or jejunal tube is not logical. Likewise, for medications such as itraconazole that require acid for best absorption, administration directly into the duodenum or jejunum would be expected to result in suboptimal absorption. Absorption of drugs when administered directly into the small bowel, especially the jejunum, rather than into the stomach is another area where more research would be useful. 

INVEST79 Peripheral edema (amlodipine) Caution with heart rate less than 60 bpm (verapamil, diltiazem) Extended-release formulations are preferred for once- or twice-daily medication administration... 

In the case of heroin, the indicator used is nonexclusive of heroin consumption, as it is also excreted to a high extent after administration of therapeutic morphine and in minor proportions after use of other opioids, such as codeine, pholcodine, and ethylmorphine. In order to obtain comparable results to previous studies [25, 31], an average medical administration of morphine of 10 mg/capita/year [45] and an excretion rate of 85% of morphine after therapeutic use [25, 31] were considered in the calculations. 

Patients must be informed of treatment complications, expected outcome, proper medication administration and adherence, and possible side effects. 

Patients and caregivers should be educated so that they can participate in treatment by recording medication administration times and duration of on and off periods. 

Monoamine Hallucinogens and Concurrent Psychotherapeutic Medications Administration of certain therapeutic psychotropic medications has been shown to alter responsiveness to hallucinogenic drugs. This is not surprising, because they both have actions on monoamine systems, sometimes even the same receptor subtytpes. Tricyclic antidepressants and... 

TABLE 2.1. Routes of Medication Administration with Subsequent Onset of Action and Clinicai Efficiency... 

A placebo is a dosage form devoid of an active ingredient a dummy medication. Administration of a placebo may elicit the desired effect (relief of symptoms) or undesired effects that reflect a change in the patient s psychological situation brought about by the therapeutic setting. 

Until the early 1960s, the focus had been on diagnostic imaging and medication administration. Charles Dotter and Melvin Judkins turned the attention to therapeutic strategies [6-8]. Using... 

Potential reasons for noncompliance include resistance to taking medication in either the child, the parent, or both incomplete or poorly understood directions for taking the medication and poor organization of medication administration. In addition, parents or legal guardians may be resistant to treatment if they feel pressured to have the evaluation and treatment provided by outside agencies such as the school, child protective services, or the legal system. 

It s a promising way to automate aspects of medication administration, says Robert Krawisz, former executive director of the National Patient Safety Foundation. The technology s impact at VA hospitals so far has been amazing. The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) already uses bar codes nationwide in its hospitals, and the result has been a drastic reduction in medication errors. For example, the VA medical center in Topeka, Kan., has reported that bar coding reduced its medication error rate by 86 percent over a nine-year period. 

The Generic Medical Implementation Plan also specifies that the systems contractor s quality assurance unit must conduct regular audits of the systems contractor s occupational health program and that an annual audit of the program must be conducted by PMCD-designated health care professionals. Reports of all audits are forwarded to the clinic medical director and the medical administrator for prompt action. Nonconformance requires a written plan for corrective action. 

Karow HS. 2002. Creating a culture of medication administration safety Laying the foundation for computerized provider order entry. Joint Comm J Qual Improv2 396. 

In the inpatient setting, a unit secretary reads and transcribes the order onto the medication administration record (MAR). This step is unnecessary in hospitals where computers generate the MAR or where prescribers can enter orders by computer, although the nurse and the pharmacist still must verify the order for appropriateness. 

Decentralized pharmacists use radiofrequency laptop computers to enter medication orders into the pharmacy computer system, and nurses rely on the pharmacists to accurately manage an electronic medication administration record for every patient. 

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