Mechano-chemistry

Casale, A.. Porter, R. S., and Johnson, J. F. Rubber Chem. Tedi. 44,534 (1971). List of published papers in the mechano-chemistry of polymers will be found in this review paper. 

Barambolm, N.K., "Mechano-Chemistry of Polymers," MacLaren Sons, London (196 ). 

Boldyrev, V. V. Experimental Methods in Mechano-chemistry of Inorganic Substances Nauka Novosibirsk, 1983. 

Constrained geometries have been used extensively in the context of mechano-chemistry, with applications including studies of bond mpture [82-86], reactivity of disulfide bonds [87], unfolding of supramolecular polymers [88], mechanochemical synthesis of phenyl cations [89], extraction of gold nanowires [90], evaluation of restoring forces in force probes [14, 91], and calculation of free energy barriers [92-98]. Examples of selected applications are described below. 

However, there are still some challenges in this field. Here are two examples. (1) The database of single-chain elasticity of macromolecules is not yet complete. As with the periodic table of elements, a complete database of macromolecules would certainly be helpful for the development of science and engineering. (2) The noise level of SMFS is still too high. A typical noise of 5-10 pN conceals some important data. However, it is greatly anticipated that, in the future, SMFS can contribute further to the development of supramolecular chemistiy and mechano-chemistry of macromolecules. 

Metro T-X, Bonnamour J, Reidon T, Duprez A, Sarpoulet J, Martinez J, Lamaty F. Study of the organic-solvent-free CDI-mediated acylation of various nucleophiles by mechano-chemistry. Chem Eur J 2015 21 12787-96. 

The nature of the polymer matrix exerts a profound effect on the mechano-chemistry of the system. For example, thermal processing of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) results primarily in elimination/dehydrochlorination and discoloration rather than a change in molar mass. The formation of PVC macroradicals is... 

The conclusions concerning elastomers mechano-chemistry and fracture are sustained by concordant results obtained by G. Ivan and co-workers in Romania [1214-1230]. 

Chemiluminescence has been used to determine the extent of mechano-chemistry [117-121]. A change of luminescence has been shown to follow second order kinetics at — 78°C and first order at 70°C. Polymer type has practically no effect on intensity or wavelength of luminescence [121]. Findings show that luminescence is due to a gas discharge on the electrically charged polymer surface [120]. The changes are generated by the mechanical forces. Thus radical formation and recombination processes play only a minor role [121]. 

Baramboim [1, 17-21] has intensively studied the kinetics of mechano-chemistry, generally by milling, and has derived equations for the change in polymer molecular weight and for As a first approximation, he assumed that the rate of scission is proportional to the amount of rupturable polymer present ... 

Mastication in the rubbery state has been one of the most studied methods among the possibilities of making block and graft copolymers by mechano-chemistry. A large body of literature covers this subject particularly de-... 

This review covers till 2013 the main publications dealing with the use of mechano-chemistry in heterocyclic chemistry. Physical aspects, like polymorphism and cocrystals, physicochemical problems, like tautomerism and desmotropy, and pure chemical ones. 

Beltran published a review on mechanochemistry (at that time mechano-chemistry was synonym of grinding) that, although it does not report heterocycles it discusses the reaction of organic acids with amines in the solid state to form ammonimn salts (99PAC581), this process being relevant for aspects discussed in other parts of the present review. 

I want to end this section by briefly mentioning a simple but relatively new technique which has proven to be very useful in deriving potentially new molecular structures. It was originally developed to study the geometrical changes inferred in atomic force microscopy and similar experiments (known collectively as mechano-chemistry) (Beyer and Qausen-Schaumann 2005), but can be applied as a general optimization tool which also has potential for the location... 

In recent years a number of comprehensive review articles on the mechano-chemistry of polymers have appeared [221—226]. A competent two-volume handbook by Porter and Casale on this subject [227] has just become available. The... 

III. Molecular and Morphological Aspects of Crack Propagation Table 9.5. Mechano-chemistry of Solid Polymers Methods and Objectives... 

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