Mechanically functional properties

In recent years, with the development of small-size fabrication techniques, new types and classes of high performance ceramic materials, consisting of, e.g., nano-composite structures and devices, layered structured ferroelectrics, multilayered functional devices, etc., have attracted considerable attention because of their improved mechanical/functional properties. Concurrent to processing developments, multiple complementary metrology tools are required for the evaluation of nano-scale mechanical and functional characteristics of the materials [1-3]. 

In sintering, the green compact is placed on a wide-mesh belt and slowly moves through a controlled atmosphere furnace (Fig. 3). The parts are heated to below the melting point of the base metal, held at the sintering temperature, and cooled. Basically a solid-state process, sintering transforms mechanical bonds, ie, contact points, between the powder particles in the compact into metallurgical bonds which provide the primary functional properties of the part. 

In statistical mechanics the properties of a system in equilibrium are calculated from the partition function, which depending on the choice for the ensemble considered involves a sum over different states of the system. In the very popular canonical ensemble, that implies a constant number of particles N, volume V, and temperature T conditions, the quasiclassical partition function Q is... 

Although HU may mediate some of its clinical benefits through its positive effect on HbF expression, these data also suggest that it may, by a yet-to-be defined mechanism of action, modulate the clinical severity of SCA. One possible pathway is that among the two incriminated interacting cell partners (sickle erythrocyte and endothelial cell) involved in vaso-adhesion and occlusion, HU may also affect the phenotype status of endothelial cells so that its adhesogenic (structural) and/or vasoregulatory (functional) properties are modified in a favorable manner. 

Changing the amino acid sequence of the cloned receptors by mutating nucleotides within the receptor cDNAs has proven to be an effective mechanism by which to identify structural features of the receptors responsible for their unique functional properties. In particular, site-directed mutagenesis has been employed to determine the ligand binding domains of each opiate receptor. 

Metal oxides possess multiple functional properties, such as acid-base, redox, electron transfer and transport, chemisorption by a and 71-bonding of hydrocarbons, O-insertion and H-abstract, etc. which make them very suitable in heterogeneous catalysis, particularly in allowing multistep transformations of hydrocarbons1-8 and other catalytic applications (NO, conversion, for example9,10). They are also widely used as supports for other active components (metal particles or other metal oxides), but it is known that they do not act often as a simple supports. Rather, they participate as co-catalysts in the reaction mechanism (in bifunctional catalysts, for example).11,12... 

Grafting and networking may modify the mechanical, chemical, and functional properties of polymers and enhance their utilization for some purposes, such as for water treatment (Kumar and Verma, 2007 Mishra et al., 2003). Psyllium derivatives were prepared by grafting acrylonitrile onto psyllium molecules using a ceric ammonium nitrate and nitric acid system (Mishra et al., 2003). The resulted grafted psyllium samples were not soluble in commonly used solvents or their combinations. In 2007, methacrylic acid derivatives of psyllium were prepared using ammonium persulfate as initiator and cross-linked using N,N-methylenebisacryla-mide as the crosslinker (Kumar and Verma, 2007). The modified psyllium... 

These new methods of nonequihbrium statistical mechanics can be applied to understand the fluctuating properties of out-of-equilibrium nanosystems. Today, nanosystems are studied not only for their structure but also for their functional properties. These properties are concerned by the time evolution of the nanosystems and are studied in nonequilibrium statistical mechanics. These properties range from the electronic and mechanical properties of single molecules to the kinetics of molecular motors. Because of their small size, nanosystems and their properties such as the currents are affected by the fluctuations which can be described by the new methods. 

In vitro, the enzyme is able to catalyze crosslinking of whey proteins, soy proteins, wheat proteins, beef myosin, casein, and crude actomyosin (which is refined from mechanically deboned meat), improving functional properties such as the texture of food products [49-53], Bonds formed by transglutaminase exhibit a high resistance to proteolytic degradation [54],... 

---