Mechanical optical glasses

Duchamp s first strictly motorized optical device was the Rotative Plaque Verre (Optique de Precision) of 1920 (MD-125). In effect, this object represents a mechanized Small Glass, and this he constructed with the help of Man Ray. As Man Ray later recalled, Duchamp s initial venture into mechanized optics was nearly lethal. During the operation they were both nearly decapitated by their mechanical offspring ... 

Core and cladding materials are selected not only on the basis of their refractive index, but also for their processability, attenuation loss, mechanical properties, and dispersion properties. However, density, p, and refractive index, n, are critical and have been correlated for over 200 optical glasses, for which the following formula... 

The effect of pressure and velocity on the removal rate of oxide and metal films in a chemical-mechanical polish process has been widely investigated. Yet, there is no consensus and several different theoretical models have been proposed. Most of them take the form R = KP V where R denotes the polish rate, K is a proportionality constant, P is the applied downward pressure, V is the velocity, and a and b are constants that take fractional values between 1/3-1. When a and b are both equal to 1, this equation becomes the Preston equation, well known in optical glass polishing industry. 

Currently mass produced types of optical glasses are melted in small continuous tanks of special design, provided with mechanical stirrers the glass melt is formed... 

The use of mechanical stirrers (forced convection) is a special case of intensive homogenization. In practice, the method has been used for many years in the manufacture of optical glasses and has more recently also been introduced into tank furnaces for other glasses. Quantitative evaluation of the mixing effect has so far only been carried out on models and in laboratory melting (e.g. Cable and Hakim, 1972). 

The preparation of tin phosphides has received attention due to their interesting mechanical, optical, and electrical properties catalyst applications. Atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition (APCVD) of tin phosphide thin films was achieved on glass substrates from the reaction of SnCU or SnBr4 with (R = Cy or Ph) at 500-600 °C. The films showed good uniformity and surface... 

Schematic of the two-color pyrometer instrument used for optical glass surface temperature measurements. (From Flayes, R. R., "Glass Surface Temperature and Incident ITeat Flux Measurements in an Industrial, Regenerative, Natural Gas-Fired Flat-Glass Furnace," MS thesis, Brigham Young University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 1999.)...

This may be accomplished by heating the film above the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the polymer, then cooling the film below Tg in the presence of the external fied. The versatility of synthetic chemistry can be used to modify and optimize the molecular structure in order to maximize the nonlinear optical (NLO) response and other properties (processing, mechanical, optical, etc.). 

The mechanical, optical, and electrical properties of glasses are discussed in detail, along with other ceramics, in those topical chapters. 

The test results for PET bottle processing arc shown in Table 3.2. The optical sensing mechanism for glass was reported to be compatible for PET bottles without recalibration. Smaller one liter PET bottles Jammed at the chute entry, as previously indicated. Ninety-five percent of the processed clear PET bottle stream contained clear bottles while 100% of the color stream contained colored PET bottles when considering bottle runs where alignment was not a problem. An estimate of the mass flow rate can be made using 0.113 lbs/1 liter bottle and 0.163 lbs/2 liter bottle. 

Wang, L., Zhang, K., Song, Z., Feng, S., 2007. Ceria concentration effect on chemical mechanical polishing of optical glass. Appl. Surf. Sci. 253, 4951—4954. 

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